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BIOL 200 > KH2 > Flashcards

KH2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe central dogma of biology

A

theory that DNA (heredity) leads to RNA leads to protein

this gives rise to physiology and development biology = organism form/function

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2
Q

describe langue analogy (central dogma)

A

DNA synthesis replication = making perfect copy (thymine)
RNA synthesis transcription = resetting in a different nucleotide font (using uracil)
protein synthesis translation = rewriting in a different language (nucleotide vs aa)

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3
Q

describe replication (biopolymer, template and enzyme)

A

DNA
DNA
DNA polymerase

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4
Q

describe transcription (biopolymer, template and enzyme)

A

RNA
DNA
RNA polymerase

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5
Q

describe translation (biopolymer, template and enzyme)

A

protein
mRNA
ribosome

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6
Q

describe most enzymes

A

most enzymes are proteins (includes DNA and RNA polymerase)

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7
Q

describe ribosomes (composition)

A

ribosome includes protein and RNA components - both contribute to enzymatic function
RNA = critical catalytic component

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8
Q

what is template of transcription

A

exposed DNA strand
specifies RNA sequence by watson crick base pairing

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9
Q

describe the reaction of transcription

A

nascent RNA chain antiparallel
chain growth at 3’ end by RNA polymerase
joins last nulceotide to new selected one
catalyzes attack of 3’OH on alpha phosphate of incoming rNTP
beta diphosphate dropped and released

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10
Q

describe the direct interaction of template with incoming monomer (rNTP)

A

watson crick base pairs
rNTPs diffuse randomly
RNA polymerase will only link incoming rNTP to growing chain if it is the right base
must have the correct base and polymerase can sense when the right one comes in

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11
Q

what is the sequence of RNA transcribed correspond to

A

the non template strand which is not used to make RNA
both the non template and the new RNA strands are complementary and antiparallel to the template DNA strand
*RNA has U instead of T tho

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12
Q

describe the transcription bubble

A

local unwinding of 2 turns ~ 20 bases of double stranded DNA

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13
Q

what happens in transcription bubble

A

template DNA strand exposed by local unwinding of duplex DNA by helicase associated with RNA polymerase
one is used as template strand and other is non template (which is pushed away)

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14
Q

does transcription bubble stay in same spot the whole time

A

nOOO IT moves along the DNA with the RNA polymerase

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15
Q

what happens after DNA is unwound in transcription bublle

A

original duplex DNA reforms behind RNA polymerase as it moves unidirectionally along DNA
this reforming duplex kicks out newly synthesized RNA strand
RNA strand exits through a channel in polymerase 5’ end first

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16
Q

describe bacterial RNA polymerase transcribing DNA

A

growing RNA chain is extruded through exit channel of the RNA polymerase
transient transcription bubble moves with the RNA polymerase to the right

17
Q

describe starting of RNA polymerase

A

promoters (certain DNA sequence) facilitate the initial binding (recruit RNA polymerase) of RNA polymerase to DNA

18
Q

describe stopping of RNA polymerase

A

certain DNA sequences destabilize the attachment of RNA polymerase to the DNA as it moves
RNA polymerase falls off the DNA and releases the completed RNA chain and RNA will be exported

19
Q

name and describe the things DNA replication and transcription have in common = 6 similarities

A

template is DNA
DNA duplex unwound by helicase at initiation sites and exposes template (replication origins)
new strand synthesized 5’-3’ antiparallel to template *chain growth at 3’ end
monomers = NTPs
direct interaction between template DNA and incoming monomer
attack of 3’OH on alpha phosphate of incoming dNTP and beta diphosphate dropped (same chemistry)

20
Q

name and describe how transcription differs (from DNA replication) ~ 5 things

A

monomers = rNTPs
start and stop sites on template
newly synthesized strand separates from template
only one of original DNA strands is template
start with one molecule of duplex DNA and end with one molecule of duplex DNA + RNA molecule

21
Q

name and describe how DNA replication differs (from transcription) ~ 5 things

A

monomer = dNTPs
start sites but no stop sites (never stops)
newly synthesized DNA never separates from template strand - is there until next replication and then they are separated
both of original DNA strands serve as templates
start with one molecule duplex DNA and end with 2 molecules duplex DNA

22
Q

what is protein synthesis

A

translation
nucleotides into amino acids
words = codons (mRNA sequence)
dictionary = protein sequence

23
Q

describe codons - and possible sequences (gen)

A

4 nucleotides
20 aas
3 nucleotides = codon
4x4x4x = 64 possible codons

24
Q

describe the genetic code table

A

dictionary of codons (3 nts) and their corresponding amino acids
64 entries for 64 possible codons

25
Q

what is genetic code (characteristic)

A

degenerate meaning that several different codons code for the same amino acid

26
Q

explain punctuation codons

A

3 codons/64 do not code for any aas - they are stop codons = UAA UAG & UGA
one codon = start = AUG (met, all proteins start their synthesis with methionine, but is also found in protein chain)

27
Q

describe monomer contacts for biopolymer synthesis

A

can be that there is direct contact where the energized monomer touches the template or could be indirect using an adaptor

28
Q

name energized monomers

A

dNTP
rNTP
aminoacyl tRNA

29
Q

describe monomer contacts for biopolymer synthesis - replication and transcription

A

direct interaction of template with next monomer molecule to be incorporated

30
Q

describe monomer contacts for biopolymer synthesis - translation

A

indirect interaction between template and next monomer (aa) to be incorporated
tRNA acts as am adaptor between template and growing chain

31
Q

describe adaptors (gen analogy)

A

transform signal from one system to another
2 ends - one to interact with each of the two systems being bridged

32
Q

describe aminoacyl tRNAs

A

adaptors for transforming nucleotide signal into aa signal
amino acid monomers used in translation are in form of high energy amino acyl-tRNA esters

33
Q

describe components of amino acyl tRNAs

A

amino acid signal end
nucleotide signal end - 3 nucleotide anticodon sequence that is complementary to a codon

34
Q

describe how amino acyl tRNA does its job

A

peptidyl transferase reaction is catalyzed by the large subunit rRNA molecule
ribozyme at heart of protein synthesis
mRNA moves and tRNA comes along and attaches (anticodon with codon) keeps going following sequence
ribosome - a ribonucleo protein consisting of large and small subunits

35
Q

describe translational reading frames

A

ribosome translocation is 3 bases at a time
count 3 - starts with AUG

36
Q

what determines which reading frame is used

A

position of initiation codon

37
Q

describe the 3 reading frames

A

natural mRNA sequence = starts and has correct sequence
displace by one base = start but now amino acids added are different
displace by 2 bases = same thing but now it creates a stop codon
*frameshift mutations

38
Q

describe RNA world hypothesis

A

hypothesis that RNA evolved as an informational biopolymer before proteins and even before DNA (and before cells)
RNA world hypothesis of the evolution of life

BIOL 200 (29 decks)

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