Khan Academy P/S Flash Cards ~Last 9 pages

Question 1

________ is the way people organize themselves — bunch of people who live together in a specific geographical area, and interact more with each other than outsiders. Share a common culture over time.

Answer 1

Society is the way people organize themselves — bunch of people who live together in a specific geographical area, and interact more with each other than outsiders. Share a common culture over time.

Question 2

• _________ = rules that guide the way people live, and _________ = structure that provides organization for people.
  
  • _________ includes ____________, ex. family, education, politics, which all meet basic human needs. The hardware on a phone.
  • _________ provides guidelines for living, ex. software or apps on a phone, constantly being updated. What makes society run.

Answer 2

• Culture = rules that guide the way people live, and society = structure that provides organization for people.
  
  • Society includes institutions, ex. family, education, politics, which all meet basic human needs. The hardware on a phone.
  • Culture provides guidelines for living, ex. software or apps on a phone, constantly being updated. What makes society run.

Question 3

• Culture talks about rules and instructions within a society that teach tem how to live.
• Culture refers to ideas and things passed from one generation to the next — language, customes, etc. Varies as we travel around the globe.
  
  • Chinese and Spanish spoken all around the world
  • Many like meat and vegetables, while others eat tofu and grasshoppers.
  • Ways of greeting differ, ex. In Japan they bow, and the depth of bow is defined by relative status. And in Europe, men and women kiss on both cheeks.

Answer 3

• Culture talks about rules and instructions within a society that teach tem how to live.
• Culture refers to ideas and things passed from one generation to the next — language, customes, etc. Varies as we travel around the globe.
  
  • Chinese and Spanish spoken all around the world
  • Many like meat and vegetables, while others eat tofu and grasshoppers.
  • Ways of greeting differ, ex. In Japan they bow, and the depth of bow is defined by relative status. And in Europe, men and women kiss on both cheeks.

Question 4

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 1. _______ _______ _________ ___ _________: all people share culture with others in their society, provides rules and expectations for carryong out daily rituals and interactions.

Answer 4

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 1. People Share Culture in Society: all people share culture with others in their society, provides rules and expectations for carryong out daily rituals and interactions.

Question 5

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 2. __________ ___ __________ — it evolves over time and is adaptive.
     * Normal in hunter/gathers (cooperativity is encouraged) different than today’s information/technology age (individualism/competition)

Answer 5

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 2. Culture is Adaptive — it evolves over time and is adaptive.
     * Normal in hunter/gathers (cooperativity is encouraged) different than today’s information/technology age (individualism/competition)

Question 6

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 3. ________ _______ __ _______ — creation of culture is ongoing and cumulative, and societies build on existing cultures to adapt to new challenges and opportunities.
     * Normal values are shaped by your culture. Ex. Putting a baby in a crib is strange in other parts of the world. Culture differs around the world.

Answer 6

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 3. Culture Builds on Itself — creation of culture is ongoing and cumulative, and societies build on existing cultures to adapt to new challenges and opportunities.
     * Normal values are shaped by your culture. Ex. Putting a baby in a crib is strange in other parts of the world. Culture differs around the world.

Question 7

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 4. _________ ___ ___________ — from one generation to the next. We teach a way of life to the next generation. Humans are only mammals with culture to adapt to environments (to survive on equator and arctic)

Answer 7

There are 4 Main Points of Culture:

• 4. Culture is Transmitted — from one generation to the next. We teach a way of life to the next generation. Humans are only mammals with culture to adapt to environments (to survive on equator and arctic)

Question 8

______ ________ refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society. This tends to be associated with wealth and formality.

Answer 8

High culture refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest class segments of a society. This tends to be associated with wealth and formality.

Question 9

____________ _________ refers to values and behaviours that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crime).

Answer 9

Normative Culture refers to values and behaviours that are in line with larger societal norms (like avoidance of crime).

Question 10

_________ _________ refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society - like attending a game or watching a parade.

Answer 10

Popular Culture refers to patterns of experiences and attitudes that exist within mainstream normative society - like attending a game or watching a parade.

Question 11

A __________ is culture (ideas) of a _____-______ (medium) sub-community ( small community) that distinguishes itself from the larger dominant culture of larger society/community

• ___________ smaller than a nation but unlike a micro-culture, it is large enough to support people throughout their entire lifespan.
  
  • ___________ affect your life on a longer period than a micro-culture
• _____-_______ = population size falls between micro and macro levels. They are medium sized groups such as communities, organizations, cities, states, clans, and tribes

Answer 11

A subculture is culture (ideas) of a meso-level (medium) sub-community ( small community) that distinguishes itself from the larger dominant culture of larger society/community

• Subculture smaller than a nation but unlike a micro-culture, it is large enough to support people throughout their entire lifespan.
  
  • Subcultures affect your life on a longer period than a micro-culture
• Meso-level = population size falls between micro and macro levels. They are medium sized groups such as communities, organizations, cities, states, clans, and tribes

Question 12

A ______-__________ can’t support people throughout their lifespan, refers to groups/organizations only affecting a limited period of one’s life. Ex. Girl Scouts, college sororities, and boarding school.

Subcultures include ethnic groups like Mexicans or orthodox Jews, or groups like the elite upper class. Subculture can cause tension with ____________ ________-which have the power to determine the cultural expectations of society.

Answer 12

A micro-culture can’t support people throughout their lifespan, refers to groups/organizations only affecting a limited period of one’s life. Ex. Girl Scouts, college sororities, and boarding school.

Subcultures include ethnic groups like Mexicans or orthodox Jews, or groups like the elite upper class. Subculture can cause tension with dominant group-which have the power to determine the cultural expectations of society.

Question 13

When the laws of the dominant society is violated (conflict with larger culture becomes serious), a ______________ ________. ________________: group with expectations and values that strongly disagree with the main values from the larger society. It refers to a subculture that rejects some of the larger culture’s norms and values, and usually develop their own set of norms to live by.

• Ex. Mormons believe in _________. __________ = more than one spouse (broader definition), _________ is more than one wife, __________ — woman has multpile husbands
• Ex. Old Order Amish (PA/OH) reject mainstream ideas and have their own ideas/values, reject technology and consumerism and replace with religious principles (simple lifestyle)

Answer 13

When the laws of the dominant society is violated (conflict with larger culture becomes serious), a counterculture results. Counterculture: group with expectations and values that strongly disagree with the main values from the larger society. It refers to a subculture that rejects some of the larger culture’s norms and values, and usually develop their own set of norms to live by.

• Ex. Mormons believe in polygamy. Polygamy = more than one spouse (broader definition), polygyny is more than one wife, polyandry — woman has multpile husbands
• Ex. Old Order Amish (PA/OH) reject mainstream ideas and have their own ideas/values, reject technology and consumerism and replace with religious principles (simple lifestyle)

Question 14

Jim Goes to College Subculture

• Within a nation many smaller groups – ethnic, regional, tribal subcultures made of people who identify closely with each other. So subculture is smaller community that distinguishes itself from larger society.
• Different cities states in US may have their own unique subcultures.
• Ex. Jim, grew up in Florida his whole life, but got into university in Washington DC. Notices a lot of differences between the two. Ex. Has to parallel park, and has to pay for parking. Driving in DC not same as in Florida, much more traffic.

Answer 14

Jim Goes to College Subculture

• Within a nation many smaller groups – ethnic, regional, tribal subcultures made of people who identify closely with each other. So subculture is smaller community that distinguishes itself from larger society.
• Different cities states in US may have their own unique subcultures.
• Ex. Jim, grew up in Florida his whole life, but got into university in Washington DC. Notices a lot of differences between the two. Ex. Has to parallel park, and has to pay for parking. Driving in DC not same as in Florida, much more traffic.

Question 15

__________ _____ is the fact cultures take time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems. Common in societies because ___________ ________ changes rapidly, while ___________ ________ resists change.

• __________ __________ refers to physical and technological aspects of our daily lives, like food and houses, and ___________ ___________ doesn’t include physical objects, like ideas/beliefs/values, which resist change.
• Example: when cars first invented, there were no laws to govern driving (no speed limits, lanes, etc). Very dangerous but laws were soon written to fix the problem. Or invention of computer and emails.

Answer 15

Culture Lag is the fact cultures take time to catch up with technological innovations, resulting in social problems. Common in societies because material culture changes rapidly, while nonmaterial culture resists change.

• Material Culture refers to physical and technological aspects of our daily lives, like food and houses, and non-material culture doesn’t include physical objects, like ideas/beliefs/values, which resist change.
• Example: when cars first invented, there were no laws to govern driving (no speed limits, lanes, etc). Very dangerous but laws were soon written to fix the problem. Or invention of computer and emails.

Question 16

_________ ________ — feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices. Ex. Moving countries or travels to another type of life (urban to rural).

• In foreign places, business is conducted differently, and food completely different.
• As a result of culture shock may feel homesick, lonely, etc.
• Sometimes see things frowned upon in own culture.

Answer 16

Culture Shock — feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear when they encounter unfamiliar culture practices. Ex. Moving countries or travels to another type of life (urban to rural).

• In foreign places, business is conducted differently, and food completely different.
• As a result of culture shock may feel homesick, lonely, etc.
• Sometimes see things frowned upon in own culture.

Question 17

• __________ is the spread of an invention or discovery from one place to another, ex. Capitalism, democracy, and religious beliefs. Even technology and software has made a difference in how people connect with others across the globe.
• Can occur in many ways.
  
  • Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, and the internet.
• Ex. Food in America seen all around the world — McDonalds in Asia. Spanish is one of the fastest growing languages. Or the ALS ice bucket challenge

Answer 17

• Diffusion is the spread of an invention or discovery from one place to another, ex. Capitalism, democracy, and religious beliefs. Even technology and software has made a difference in how people connect with others across the globe.
• Can occur in many ways.
  
  • Exploration, military conquest, missionary work, mass media, tourism, and the internet.
• Ex. Food in America seen all around the world — McDonalds in Asia. Spanish is one of the fastest growing languages. Or the ALS ice bucket challenge

Question 18

_______ _______ = dissemination of information, and how information is transmitted within a culture. Includes print media (books, music, newspaper and magazines) and digital media (TV, media, radio, and the internet). How it’s consumed changes across cultures in each group. (Ex. Older people might get their info via TV and newspaper while younger people can get it via the internet).

Answer 18

Mass Media = dissemination of information, and how information is transmitted within a culture. Includes print media (books, music, newspaper and magazines) and digital media (TV, media, radio, and the internet). How it’s consumed changes across cultures in each group. (Ex. Older people might get their info via TV and newspaper while younger people can get it via the internet).

Question 19

According to the _____________ ___________, mass media’s main role is to provide _____________. _______________ also say mass media can act as an agent of socialization (ex. ____________ ___________ of watching Olympics on TV, and ___________ ____________ — entire internet communities) and act as an _________ ___ ________ ________.

• Also tells us what society expects of us through rewards and punishment, ex. Seeing criminals. But can also glorify behaviours that are wrong in society, like intense physical violence.
• Also functions as a promoter of consumer culture. At the turn of century average US child saw 20000 commercials a year on TV. Only increased from there, and not clear what impact this may have on next generation.

Answer 19

According to the functionalist perspective, mass media’s main role is to provide entertainment. Functionalists also say mass media can act as an agent of socialization (ex. Collective Experience of watching Olympics on TV, and Community Building — entire internet communities) and act as an enforcer of social norms.

• Also tells us what society expects of us through rewards and punishment, ex. Seeing criminals. But can also glorify behaviours that are wrong in society, like intense physical violence.
• Also functions as a promoter of consumer culture. At the turn of century average US child saw 20000 commercials a year on TV. Only increased from there, and not clear what impact this may have on next generation.

Question 20

• The __________ ____________ on Mass Media focuses on how the media portrays and reflects and exacerbates __________ that exist in society, ex. Race/social class
  
  • Conflict Theorists use the term _____________ to describe the process by which a small number of people and corporations control what information is presented on the media, and how they move through a series of gates before they reach the public. In some countries, this is decided by the government, in others decided by large media corporations.
  • _______________ has more effect on some media than others, ex. Lots of control on big movies, but little overhead control on what’s posted online.
  • Also describes how mass media reflects the dominant ideology. Often limits other views. People who make the choice – the gatekeepers are predominantly white, male, and wealthy.
  • Portrayal of minorities can be stereotyped. And attempts to fix this can wrongly result in __________.

Answer 20

• The Conflict Perspective on Mass Media focuses on how the media portrays and reflects and exacerbates divisions that exist in society, ex. Race/social class
  
  • Conflict Theorists use the term gatekeeping to describe the process by which a small number of people and corporations control what information is presented on the media, and how they move through a series of gates before they reach the public. In some countries, this is decided by the government, in others decided by large media corporations.
  • Gatekeeping has more effect on some media than others, ex. Lots of control on big movies, but little overhead control on what’s posted online.
  • Also describes how mass media reflects the dominant ideology. Often limits other views. People who make the choice – the gatekeepers are predominantly white, male, and wealthy.
  • Portrayal of minorities can be stereotyped. And attempts to fix this can wrongly result in tokenism.

Question 21

__________ _________ are similar to conflict theory, in that mass media misrepresents society towards the dominant ideology. Specifically, message about men and women are represented in the media. Depictions of men and women are often stereotyped, emphasizing traditional sex roles.

Answer 21

Feminist Theories are similar to conflict theory, in that mass media misrepresents society towards the dominant ideology. Specifically, message about men and women are represented in the media. Depictions of men and women are often stereotyped, emphasizing traditional sex roles.

Question 22

____________ ___________ looks at mass media on micro-level to see how it shapes day to day behavior. How mass media blurs line between solidary and group activities – ex. watching a movie (can be watching with other people but because of societal norms/theater rules you can’t talk about it with those who you are watching with). Looks at how we connect with others using media changes over time (email/text message instead of phone, or online dating increase).

Answer 22

Interactionist Perspective looks at mass media on micro-level to see how it shapes day to day behavior. How mass media blurs line between solidary and group activities – ex. watching a movie (can be watching with other people but because of societal norms/theater rules you can’t talk about it with those who you are watching with). Looks at how we connect with others using media changes over time (email/text message instead of phone, or online dating increase).

Question 23

Culture is typically learned through ___________, ____________, and the _____________ proponent (shaped through _____________).

Answer 23

Culture is typically learned through observation, interactions, and the biological proponent (shaped through evolution).

Question 24

Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution — both __________ ________ and ___________ can be selected for if they contribute to the success of the species.

• Ex. For behaviours, all cultures have ways of dealing with illness/medicine/healing. Or wedding/funeral ceremonies. Language. Indicates they were selected for as human species evolved.

Answer 24

Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution — both physical traits and behaviours can be selected for if they contribute to the success of the species.

• Ex. For behaviours, all cultures have ways of dealing with illness/medicine/healing. Or wedding/funeral ceremonies. Language. Indicates they were selected for as human species evolved.

Question 25

* Evolution can shape culture, but can also think of how culture can shape human evolution. * Ex. Hunter-gatherer society vs. farming society, people moved less, and populations grew. Because of this people were more exposed to outbreaks of disease. Since only those that survived weren’t killed off, these societies have shaped our immune systems. * Or lactose intolerance, first year of life most humans get nutrition from milk, but switched after children are weaned. But Northern Europeans which reared cattle, don’t have this effect – their lactase gene doesn’t turn off. So those able to digest milk more likely to survive.

Answer 25

* Evolution can shape culture, but can also think of how culture can shape human evolution. * Ex. Hunter-gatherer society vs. farming society, people moved less, and populations grew. Because of this people were more exposed to outbreaks of disease. Since only those that survived weren’t killed off, these societies have shaped our immune systems. * Or lactose intolerance, first year of life most humans get nutrition from milk, but switched after children are weaned. But Northern Europeans which reared cattle, don’t have this effect – their lactase gene doesn’t turn off. So those able to digest milk more likely to survive.

Question 26

The resources in society are unevenly distributed. Ex. Wealth un the U.S, top 20% have 72% of the wealth of the country and bottom 20% only control 3%. * Upper, middle, and lower class. based incomes. * As you go up the social ladder, have better access to education, healthcare, and housing.

Answer 26

The resources in society are unevenly distributed. Ex. Wealth un the U.S, top 20% have 72% of the wealth of the country and bottom 20% only control 3%. * Upper, middle, and lower class. based incomes. * As you go up the social ladder, have better access to education, healthcare, and housing.

Question 27

Overview of Social Inequality * There are groups of population that are disproportionally affected by social inequality — \_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_ _____________ have greater degrees of inequality as manifested by lower incomes, lower education, and reduced access to healthcare. * Those in poverty also face considerable barriers to obtaining the same healthcare, education, and other resources as others.

Answer 27

Overview of Social Inequality * There are groups of population that are disproportionally affected by social inequality — **_ethnic/racial minorities_** have greater degrees of inequality as manifested by lower incomes, lower education, and reduced access to healthcare. * Those in poverty also face considerable barriers to obtaining the same healthcare, education, and other resources as others.

Question 28

Overview of Social Inequality * Gender does too. Females experience differences in pay (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_), and the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ (poorly represented in higher positions in companies) * People may feel increasingly ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, live in ____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and feel _____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * Can lead to civil unrest, and tempt people into criminal activities.

Answer 28

Overview of Social Inequality * Gender does too. Females experience differences in pay (**_gender-pay gap_**), and the **_glass ceiling effect_** (poorly represented in higher positions in companies) * People may feel increasingly **_socially excluded_**, live in **_segregated neighborhoods_**, and feel **_politically disempowered_**. * Can lead to civil unrest, and tempt people into criminal activities.

Question 29

Overview of Social Inequality * Ways to help: __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (ex. Food Stamps), improve _______ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and figure out social interventions that allow ___________ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * Health disparity: difference in health outcome that is closely related to social and economic factors. Social inequality causes the difference, not a iological one.

Answer 29

Overview of Social Inequality * Ways to help: **_government schemes_** (ex. Food Stamps), improve **_access to education/healthcare_**, and figure out social interventions that allow **_integration to society_**. * Health disparity: difference in health outcome that is closely related to social and economic factors. Social inequality causes the difference, not a iological one.

Question 30

* We have a number of of ways to break down society into social layers, ex. Classes. * Lower class — manual work, labour, low-paying jobs. * Middle class — professionals, better paying jobs. * Upper Class — very wealthy businessmen and family wealth * Correlates to amount of income.

Answer 30

* We have a number of of ways to break down society into social layers, ex. Classes. * Lower class — manual work, labour, low-paying jobs. * Middle class — professionals, better paying jobs. * Upper Class — very wealthy businessmen and family wealth * Correlates to amount of income.

Question 31

* When we think of ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, can there be movement? Yes. Various ways. * Individual can move \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mobility — move within the same class. Ex. Accountant switches job to different accounting company. * ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ / mobility — move up or down the social hierarchy. Ex. Manager at restaurant becomes CEO of fast food restuarant. But if he gets demoted to serving food, he falls downward.

Answer 31

* When we think of **_social positions_**, can there be movement? Yes. Various ways. * Individual can move **_horizontally_**/**_horizontal_** mobility — move within the same class. Ex. Accountant switches job to different accounting company. * **_Verical movement_** / mobility — move up or down the social hierarchy. Ex. Manager at restaurant becomes CEO of fast food restuarant. But if he gets demoted to serving food, he falls downward.

Question 32

There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility. * _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — very little social mobility, becuase your role is determined entirely by background you are born to and who you're married to. A lot of social stability. Ex. The Hindu Caste system.

Answer 32

There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility. * **_Caste System_** — very little social mobility, becuase your role is determined entirely by background you are born to and who you're married to. A lot of social stability. Ex. The Hindu Caste system.

Question 33

There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility. * _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — allows for degree of social mobility, combination of background and movement, often by education. Less stability.

Answer 33

There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility. * **_Class System_** — allows for degree of social mobility, combination of background and movement, often by education. Less stability.

Question 34

There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility. * ____________ — concept that people achieve social position soley based on ability and achievements. Highly idealized. Birth/parental background doesn't matter. Extreme social mobility. * Social rewards, status, position are awarded to individuals based on their own ability to work (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_). In order for a _____________ to operate, everyone within the society would need the same opportunity to succeed, so that rewards are actually based (primarily) on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.”

Answer 34

There are various types of social constructs that allow for social mobility. * **_Meritocracy_** — concept that people achieve social position soley based on ability and achievements. Highly idealized. Birth/parental background doesn't matter. Extreme social mobility. * Social rewards, status, position are awarded to individuals based on their own ability to work (**_merit_**). In order for a **_meritocracy_** to operate, everyone within the society would need the same opportunity to succeed, so that rewards are actually based (primarily) on **_merit_**.”

Question 35

If a change in social class happens in a person's own lifetime – ______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

If a change in social class happens in a person's own lifetime – **_intragenerational mobility_**

Question 36

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ — change in social class between generations, ex. Parent is working class and son is working class.

Answer 36

**_Intergenerational Mobility_** — change in social class between generations, ex. Parent is working class and son is working class.

Question 37

* There are two different ways of thinking about poverty — does it threaten the survival of a person, or does it exclude them from society? * __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — an absolute level at which if you go below, survival is threatened. Minimum level of resources a human being needs to survive. This level no matter where you are. * Approximately, $1-2 a day, talking about developing countries. * However, somoene in the arctic needs a lot more than somewhere else. There's variability that __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ does not consider. * The median level of income in a society can gradually rise as a country gets richer. When it does, we find less people live in absolute povery - decrease in poverty.

Answer 37

* There are two different ways of thinking about poverty — does it threaten the survival of a person, or does it exclude them from society? * **_Absolute Poverty_** — an absolute level at which if you go below, survival is threatened. Minimum level of resources a human being needs to survive. This level no matter where you are. * Approximately, $1-2 a day, talking about developing countries. * However, somoene in the arctic needs a lot more than somewhere else. There's variability that **_absolute poverty_** does not consider. * The median level of income in a society can gradually rise as a country gets richer. When it does, we find less people live in absolute povery - decrease in poverty.

Question 38

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ — in developed countries, use a different marker — a % level below the median income of the country. Ex. In the U.S., instead of $1-2 a day, the median income is above $80/day. * _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is less than 60% of the median income. * If a country's income rises up, the absolute poverty line will not change as the median income level would. * _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not about survival, its people whose incomes are so low in their own society that they're being excluded from society.

Answer 38

**_Relative Poverty_** — in developed countries, use a different marker — a % level below the median income of the country. Ex. In the U.S., instead of $1-2 a day, the median income is above $80/day. * **_Relative poverty_** is less than 60% of the median income. * If a country's income rises up, the absolute poverty line will not change as the median income level would. * **_Relative poverty_** is not about survival, its people whose incomes are so low in their own society that they're being excluded from society.

Question 39

* There is a huge amount of social inequality between rich families and poor families. Large social ineqaulity seems to replicate itself cross generations. Perpetuation of inequality through social institutions ( such as education/economy), social mobility counters this. * People with rich parents end up wealthy themselves _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * Means we are reproducing social inequality across generations.

Answer 39

* There is a huge amount of social inequality between rich families and poor families. Large social ineqaulity seems to replicate itself cross generations. Perpetuation of inequality through social institutions (such as education/economy), social mobility counters this. * People with rich parents end up wealthy themselves **_social reproduction_**. * Means we are reproducing social inequality across generations.

Question 40

* Rich people have __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and can invest it to obtain __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — building up reliable, useful social networks. * __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. * Social Networks provide a valuable resource. Social capital is believed to result in various health benefits for the individual, including reductions in the health risk of chronic inflammation. Partly related to social support, social capital emphasize the tangible resources provided by network members (whereas social support tends to focus on emotional resources). Both social support and social capital suggest that social contracts will be beneficial to individual health and well-being. Social Network -àHealth

Answer 40

* Rich people have **_financial capital_**, and can invest it to obtain **_social capital_** — building up reliable, useful social networks. * **_Social Capital_**: the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. * Social Networks provide a valuable resource. Social capital is believed to result in various health benefits for the individual, including reductions in the health risk of chronic inflammation. Partly related to social support, social capital emphasize the tangible resources provided by network members (whereas social support tends to focus on emotional resources). Both social support and social capital suggest that social contracts will be beneficial to individual health and well-being. Social Network -àHealth

Question 41

* Being rich can also expose you to __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ex. If parents exposing you to trips abroad and learning foreign languages. Or cultural items in house you know a lot about. With this knowledge, you may gain some reward. * __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — The term _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples can include education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical appearance. Refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.

Answer 41

* Being rich can also expose you to **_cultural capital_**, ex. If parents exposing you to trips abroad and learning foreign languages. Or cultural items in house you know a lot about. With this knowledge, you may gain some reward. * **_Cultural capital_** — The term **_cultural capital_** refers to non-financial social assets that promote social mobility beyond economic means. Examples can include education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical appearance. Refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.

Question 42

Social Reproduction * Doesn't educationalsystem allow poor people to gain capital too? Our educational system doesn't value cultures of low classes. It doesn't value the culture and social networks of the poor population. * Education system can reinforce this social stratification.

Answer 42

Social Reproduction * Doesn't educationalsystem allow poor people to gain capital too? Our educational system doesn't value cultures of low classes. It doesn't value the culture and social networks of the poor population. * Education system can reinforce this social stratification.

Question 43

Social Exclusion * Being an integral member of society has lots of advantages — access to good social networks, housing, educational resources, and resources in community. But certian individuals can be excluded to the peripheries of society, and are prevented from participating in society. * Reduced rights and access to resources/opportunities

Answer 43

Social Exclusion * Being an integral member of society has lots of advantages — access to good social networks, housing, educational resources, and resources in community. But certian individuals can be excluded to the peripheries of society, and are prevented from participating in society. * Reduced rights and access to resources/opportunities

Question 44

Some can drag people into the periphery of society. * The __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can drag poeple away from the core part of society, and experience a greater degree of social exclusion. * The ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ can also drag people away, can't participate in society. * Certain groups may face discrimination, based on their race/gender/sexual orientation/etc. — the _____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, ____________ are all important factors. With the lack of any of these, poor people can be regualted to the fringes of society. People in the periphery often have many of these magnets combined, have tremendous forces pushing them away. They may also have greater consequences like ill health and criminal activities.

Answer 44

Some can drag people into the periphery of society. * The **_poverty magnet_** can drag poeple away from the core part of society, and experience a greater degree of social exclusion. * The **_ill health magnet_** can also drag people away, can't participate in society. * Certain groups may face discrimination, based on their race/gender/sexual orientation/etc. — the **_discrimination magnet_**. * **_Education, housing, employment_** are all important factors. With the lack of any of these, poor people can be regualted to the fringes of society. People in the periphery often have many of these magnets combined, have tremendous forces pushing them away. They may also have greater consequences like ill health and criminal activities.

Question 45

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a way of separating out groups of people and giving them access to a separate set of resources within the same society. * Idea "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_", which is rarely true in practice. * Segregated people often have _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. * Segregation is maintained by law/public institutions, or more formal processes like "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_". * __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — when community voluntarily isolates itself from mainstream, based on their own religous/cultural/other beliefs.

Answer 45

**_Segregation_** is a way of separating out groups of people and giving them access to a separate set of resources within the same society. * Idea "**_separate but equal_**", which is rarely true in practice. * Segregated people often have **_worse resources_**. * Segregation is maintained by law/public institutions, or more formal processes like "**_hidden discrimination_**". * **_Social Isolation_** — when community voluntarily isolates itself from mainstream, based on their own religous/cultural/other beliefs.

Question 46

Environmental Justice * Where we live plays a huge role in environmental benefits and risks we're exposed to. * Areas with high poverty and lots of racial minorities, often have few environmental benefits (green spaces, parks, recreation) * They also get a lot of _____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ compared to wealthier parts. Includes waste facilities, manufacturing/factories, energy production, airports. * At risk becuase they often have few alternatives, little awareness of risks they face, and other pressing issues. * More health problems like asthma, obesity, etc.

Answer 46

Environmental Justice * Where we live plays a huge role in environmental benefits and risks we're exposed to. * Areas with high poverty and lots of racial minorities, often have few environmental benefits (green spaces, parks, recreation) * They also get a lot of **_environmental burden_** compared to wealthier parts. Includes waste facilities, manufacturing/factories, energy production, airports. * At risk becuase they often have few alternatives, little awareness of risks they face, and other pressing issues. * More health problems like asthma, obesity, etc.

Question 47

Environmental Justice * Wealthier population of society has much higher benefits * More politically and economically powerful, and able to demand beneficial facilities are placed close to them and burdening facilities far way form the rich. * Also, better represented in environmental/lobbying groups.

Answer 47

Environmental Justice * Wealthier population of society has much higher benefits * More politically and economically powerful, and able to demand beneficial facilities are placed close to them and burdening facilities far way form the rich. * Also, better represented in environmental/lobbying groups.

Question 48

Environmental Justice * Big concept is _______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — looks at the fair distribution of the environmental benefits and burdens within society across all groups.

Answer 48

Environmental Justice * Big concept is **_environmental justice_** — looks at the fair distribution of the environmental benefits and burdens within society across all groups.

Question 49

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ — groups of people separate into different neighborhoods. * Can mean race or income. * Where we live affects our life chances, because it affects our politics, healthcare, availability to education, etc.

Answer 49

**_Residential Segregation_** — groups of people separate into different neighborhoods. * Can mean race or income. * Where we live affects our life chances, because it affects our politics, healthcare, availability to education, etc.

Question 50

There are other forms of segregation: * 1. ____________ — there's clustering of different groups. * 2. __________ — segregation + clustering in a central area.

Answer 50

There are other forms of segregation: * 1. **_Concentration_** — there's clustering of different groups. * 2. **_Cetralization_** — segregation + clustering in a central area.

Question 51

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — 0 is total segregation, and 100 is a perfect distribution

Answer 51

**_Index of Dissimilarity_** — 0 is total segregation, and 100 is a perfect distribution

Question 52

Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups? * ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — Communities segregated are politically weak because their political interests don't overlap with other communities — become politically vulnerable, don't have political influence to keep their own needs addressed.

Answer 52

Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups? * **_Political Isolation_** — Communities segregated are politically weak because their political interests don't overlap with other communities — become politically vulnerable, don't have political influence to keep their own needs addressed.

Question 53

Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups? * ____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — communities who are isolated may develop their own language, even in the same city. May limit jobs. * Also lower access to quality education/health.

Answer 53

Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups? * **_Linguistic Isolation_** — communities who are isolated may develop their own language, even in the same city. May limit jobs. * Also lower access to quality education/health.

Question 54

Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups? * __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access. Gap between where people live and where opportunities are.

Answer 54

Why is residential segregation so negatively impactful on certain groups? * **_Spatial Mismatch_** — opportunities for low-income people in segregated communities may be present but farther away, and harder to access. Gap between where people live and where opportunities are.

Question 55

Global Inequality * The world is extremely unequal. * Life expectancy in the Congo is 51 vs France/Japan is 84. Tremendous range. * Access to clean water — in Africa is very difficult; whereas, in the US/Europe getting clean water is very very easy.

Answer 55

Global Inequality * The world is extremely unequal. * Life expectancy in the Congo is 51 vs France/Japan is 84. Tremendous range. * Access to clean water — in Africa is very difficult; whereas, in the US/Europe getting clean water is very very easy.

Question 56

* The champagne glass can help explain inequalities in wealth we see. It represents the distribution of wealth. * Top 1/5th have 82.7% of the global income. * Poorest 1/5th have 1.4% of global income. * Richest 85 people in the world have more wealth than the poorest 3.5 billion people in the world.

Answer 56

* The champagne glass can help explain inequalities in wealth we see. It represents the distribution of wealth. * Top 1/5th have 82.7% of the global income. * Poorest 1/5th have 1.4% of global income. * Richest 85 people in the world have more wealth than the poorest 3.5 billion people in the world.

Question 57

* Inequalities in individual countries as well, ex. very poor countries can have a few extremely rich people. * ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ is a marker for healthcare systems. * In NA and Europe 10-20 people per 100,000 die of childbirth. * In SA 75/100,000 * SE Asia, 170/100,000 * Central Africa 700+/100,000

Answer 57

* Inequalities in individual countries as well, ex. very poor countries can have a few extremely rich people. * **_Maternal Mortality Rate_** is a marker for healthcare systems. * In NA and Europe 10-20 people per 100,000 die of childbirth. * In SA 75/100,000 * SE Asia, 170/100,000 * Central Africa 700+/100,000

Question 58

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * A lot of disparities we see in the U.S. are the result of poor economic and environmental conditions. * Social-economic status is a pyramid. As we go up the social pyramid, access and quality of healthcare improves. * Opposite is true for those at the bottem of the pyramid — more disease, less high quality healthcare, substandard housing, poor diet, dangerous jobs, can't afford expensive treatments.

Answer 58

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * A lot of disparities we see in the U.S. are the result of poor economic and environmental conditions. * Social-economic status is a pyramid. As we go up the social pyramid, access and quality of healthcare improves. * Opposite is true for those at the bottem of the pyramid — more disease, less high quality healthcare, substandard housing, poor diet, dangerous jobs, can't afford expensive treatments.

Question 59

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * _______ can play a role — Hispanics and African-Americans have a higher morbidity and mortality rates, worse access to healthcare and lower quality healthcare. * Even though some can be attributed to SES reasons, doesn't explain everything. Minorities are less likely to recieve everyday healthcare and treatments for life-threatening conditions.

Answer 59

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * **_Race_** can play a role — Hispanics and African-Americans have a higher morbidity and mortality rates, worse access to healthcare and lower quality healthcare. * Even though some can be attributed to SES reasons, doesn't explain everything. Minorities are less likely to recieve everyday healthcare and treatments for life-threatening conditions.

Question 60

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — men typically use fewer preventative services like vaccines/check-ups. * Women require reproductive services, and access is reduced due to local laws. * Studies for treatments for diabetes/heart disease don't always include women, and can suffer from lack of research.

Answer 60

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * **_Gender differences_** — men typically use fewer preventative services like vaccines/check-ups. * Women require reproductive services, and access is reduced due to local laws. * Studies for treatments for diabetes/heart disease don't always include women, and can suffer from lack of research.

Question 61

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — might face discrimination, which can limit clinics they feel comfortable seeking help from. * Transgender expecially face discrimination, and have a hard time finding someone who has experience working with transsgender individuals. Lead sthem to be reluctant to seek services when they really need them

Answer 61

Health and Healthcare Disparities in the U.S. * **_LGBT Community_** — might face discrimination, which can limit clinics they feel comfortable seeking help from. * Transgender expecially face discrimination, and have a hard time finding someone who has experience working with transsgender individuals. Lead sthem to be reluctant to seek services when they really need them

Question 62

Intersectionality * Many types of discrimination, like sex/gender/culture/race, but what if someone experiences multiple forms at the same time? * Ex. Female who is African American and practices Buddhist teachings, causing her to be discriminated against in 3 different areas. * Why is it important to consider intersection? Because multiple different categories of potential discrimination/oppression that compounds in one individual, and put her at a disadvantage in society.

Answer 62

Intersectionality * Many types of discrimination, like sex/gender/culture/race, but what if someone experiences multiple forms at the same time? * Ex. Female who is African American and practices Buddhist teachings, causing her to be discriminated against in 3 different areas. * Why is it important to consider intersection? Because multiple different categories of potential discrimination/oppression that compounds in one individual, and put her at a disadvantage in society.

Question 63

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ * _______ \_\_\_ ______________ asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination. ______________ calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual's position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. * Originally coined in 1989 by Crenshaw as a feminist theory, but has since expanded out and use it to explain oppression in all parts of society. * The _______ \_\_\_ ___________ proposes that we need to understand how all these discriminations (double or triple jeopardy) can simultaneously exist.

Answer 63

**_Intersectionality_** * **_Theory of Intersectionality_** asks us to consider all the different levels of discrimination. **_Intersectionality_** calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual's position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. * Originally coined in 1989 by Crenshaw as a feminist theory, but has since expanded out and use it to explain oppression in all parts of society. * The **_theory of intersectionality_** proposes that we need to understand how all these discriminations (double or triple jeopardy) can simultaneously exist.

Question 64

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — way we produce goods, ex. Factories and farms. Owned by fairly wealthy individuals, which hire a large amount of workers which offer their labour, without owning any of the means of production. * There's a class divide, a hierarchy of upper/lower class.

Answer 64

**_Means of Production_** — way we produce goods, ex. Factories and farms. Owned by fairly wealthy individuals, which hire a large amount of workers which offer their labour, without owning any of the means of production. * There's a class divide, a hierarchy of upper/lower class.

Question 65

Theory by _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ — workers in working class don't realize they're being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working. * Workers can develop ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and they realize they have solidarity with one another and struggle to overcome this oppression and exploitation. Involves seizing and obtaining means and redistributing the means of production among the workers.

Answer 65

Theory by **_Karl Marx_** — workers in working class don't realize they're being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working. * Workers can develop **_class consciousness_**, and they realize they have solidarity with one another and struggle to overcome this oppression and exploitation. Involves seizing and obtaining means and redistributing the means of production among the workers.

Question 66

Theory by _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — workers in working class don't realize they're being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working. * _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — unlike class consciousness, instead of seeing they have solidarity with one another, they're unable to see their oppression. And owners can promote this _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by controlling classes, making it more difficult for workers to see their oppression.

Answer 66

Theory by **_Karl Marx_** — workers in working class don't realize they're being exploited and oppressed by this capitalistic model of working. * **_False Consciousness_** — unlike class consciousness, instead of seeing they have solidarity with one another, they're unable to see their oppression. And owners can promote this **_false consciousness_** by controlling classes, making it more difficult for workers to see their oppression.

Question 67

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — all variable examined are continuous. * ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — degree of dependence between one variable and another. Data is not a scatter plot, one-way influence of one variable on another.

Answer 67

**_Regression_** — all variable examined are continuous. * **_Linear Regression_** — degree of dependence between one variable and another. Data is not a scatter plot, one-way influence of one variable on another.

Question 68

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — all variables examined are continuous. Unlike regression makes no assumptions about which variable is influencing the other. * If ___________ coefficient is 1, perfect. If -1, opposite. 0, random

Answer 68

**_Correlation_** — all variables examined are continuous. Unlike regression makes no assumptions about which variable is influencing the other. * If **_correlation_** coefficient is 1, perfect. If -1, opposite. 0, random

Question 69

\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — when all variables are categorical, looks at if 2 distributions of categorical data differ from each other. * Null hypothesis vs. alternative hypothesis.

Answer 69

**_Chi-square_** — when all variables are categorical, looks at if 2 distributions of categorical data differ from each other. * Null hypothesis vs. alternative hypothesis.

Question 70

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — compares mean values of a continuous variable (dependent) between 2 categories/groups, ex. comparing mean of a group to a specific value. Can also compare means of 2 groups. * Two-tailed = possibility of relationship in both directions, one-tailed = one direction.

Answer 70

**_T-Test_** — compares mean values of a continuous variable (dependent) between 2 categories/groups, ex. comparing mean of a group to a specific value. Can also compare means of 2 groups. * Two-tailed = possibility of relationship in both directions, one-tailed = one direction.

Question 71

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — similar to t-test, compare distributions of continuous variable between groups of categorical variable, but can be used for 3+ groups. If value doubles, 100% increase

Answer 71

**_ANOVA_** — similar to t-test, compare distributions of continuous variable between groups of categorical variable, but can be used for 3+ groups. If value doubles, 100% increase

Question 72

\_\_\_\_\_ ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — look at a group of different people at one moment in time.

Answer 72

**_Cross Sectional Study_** — look at a group of different people at one moment in time.

Question 73

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ — following a subset of population over a lifetime. A _______ is a group of people who share a common characteristic (ex. people born and exposed to the same pollutant/drug/etc.) in period of time. * A ____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ design looks back at events that have already taken place. * A ____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ design follows a group of individuals over a period of time.

Answer 73

**_Cohort Study_** — following a subset of population over a lifetime. A **_cohort_** is a group of people who share a common characteristic (ex. people born and exposed to the same pollutant/drug/etc.) in period of time. * A **_retrospective cohort_** design looks back at events that have already taken place. * A **_prospective cohort_** design follows a group of individuals over a period of time.

Question 74

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ — data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, can take years or decades. A _____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ follows variables over a long period of time to look for correlations.

Answer 74

**_Longitudinal Study_** — data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, can take years or decades. A **_longitudinal study_** follows variables over a long period of time to look for correlations.

Question 75

\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ — observational study where 2 groups differing in outcome are identified and compared to find a causal factor. Ex. comparing people with the disease with those who don't but are otherwise similar.

Answer 75

**_Case-Control Study_** — observational study where 2 groups differing in outcome are identified and compared to find a causal factor. Ex. comparing people with the disease with those who don't but are otherwise similar.

Question 76

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _____ — highly controlled interventional studies

Answer 76

**_Clinical Trial_** — highly controlled interventional studies

Question 77

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ — people studied randomly given one of treatments under study, used to test efficacy/side effects of medical interventions like drugs. Gold standard for clinical trial.

Answer 77

**_Randomized Controlled Trial_** — people studied randomly given one of treatments under study, used to test efficacy/side effects of medical interventions like drugs. Gold standard for clinical trial.

Question 78

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ______ - would involve manipulation of variables, which was not present in this study. Would have independent and dependent variables.

Answer 78

**_Experimental Study_** - would involve manipulation of variables, which was not present in this study. Would have independent and dependent variables.

Question 79

\_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ — A \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ is similar to an experimental design but lacks random assignment. This type of design describes an effect on a specific cohort of the population.

Answer 79

**_Quasi-Experimental Design_** — A quasi-experimental design is similar to an experimental design but lacks random assignment. This type of design describes an effect on a specific cohort of the population.

Question 80

\_\_\_\_ ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________________ - we have three levels of the first variable crossed with two levels of the second variable. Such a design gives us 3x2=6 treatment conditions in the experiment. Two independent variables, 3 of first, 2 of 2nd.

Answer 80

**_3x2 factorial design (read "three by two”)_** - we have three levels of the first variable crossed with two levels of the second variable. Such a design gives us 3x2=6 treatment conditions in the experiment. Two independent variables, 3 of first, 2 of 2nd.

Question 81

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_— In an observational study, the researcher is unable to control the assignment of groups.

Answer 81

**_Observational Study_** — In an observational study, the researcher is unable to control the assignment of groups.

Question 82

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – accuracy. Items that are high in validity accurately address the construct. “ACTUALLY GETTING AN SNSWER FOR SOMETHING YOU WISH TO MEAUSRE”

Answer 82

**_Validity_** – accuracy. Items that are high in validity accurately address the construct. “ACTUALLY GETTING AN SNSWER FOR SOMETHING YOU WISH TO MEAUSRE”

Question 83

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ — extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Confounding factors often impact the _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of an experiment.

Answer 83

**_Internal Validity_** — extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Confounding factors often impact the **_internal validity_** of an experiment.

Question 84

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_— Whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations and other people. To protect _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the sample must be completely random, and all situational variables must be tightly controlled.

Answer 84

**_External Validity_** — Whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations and other people. To protect **_external validity_**, the sample must be completely random, and all situational variables must be tightly controlled.

Question 85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ — whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure.

Answer 85

**_Construct Validity_** — whether a tool is measuring what it is intended to measure.

Question 86

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ___ \_\_\_\_\_ ________ — if the first measurement is extreme, the second measurement will be closer to the mean.

Answer 86

**_Regression To The Mean_** — if the first measurement is extreme, the second measurement will be closer to the mean.

Question 87

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ — changes in dependent variable may be due to the existence of or variations in a third variable.

Answer 87

**_Confounding Variables_** — changes in dependent variable may be due to the existence of or variations in a third variable.

Question 88

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ___________ — time related confounding variables

Answer 88

**_Temporal Confounds_** — time related confounding variables

Question 89

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – consistency in answers across participants. __________ is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. CONSISTENT RESULTS WITH REPEATED EXPERIMENTS.

Answer 89

**_Reliability_** – consistency in answers across participants. **_Reliability_** is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results. CONSISTENT RESULTS WITH REPEATED EXPERIMENTS.

Question 90

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ — what experimental group does without the directly desired impact.

Answer 90

**_Vehicular Control_** — what experimental group does without the directly desired impact.

Question 91

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ — treatment with known response.

Answer 91

**_Positive Control_** — treatment with known response.

Question 92

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ — group with no response expected.

Answer 92

**_Negative Control_** — group with no response expected.