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KhanAcademyBiology Flashcards

Learn the fundamentals of biology. (73 cards)

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of the biochemical reactions that are required for an organism to function

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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is the use of energy to store or create more complex molecules from simpler ones.

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is the breaking down of more complex molecules in order to make use of stored energy.

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4
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

1/1836 of an AMU (atomic mass unit) ie. 1 proton mass = 1836 electron masses

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5
Q

What is the ‘atomic number’ of an element?

A

The number of protons for an element

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6
Q

What is the atomic weight of an element on the periodic table?

A

The average of all the carbon isotopes found on the planet

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7
Q

What is an isotope?

A

The same version of an isotope but with more nuetrons

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8
Q

How much of conjoined atoms is stuff?

A

1/10000 of the volume is actually a volume, most of the space in atoms is free space

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9
Q

what is a radioisotope?

A

They are elements which decay overtime emitting sub particles to become a more stable isotope

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10
Q

What is a half-life for a radioisotope?

A

The time in which half of the material will decay to the more stable isotope

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11
Q

What is the Bohr model?

A

The model of the atom where electrons are like planets orbiting around the sun. This isn’t actually an accurate model

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12
Q

What prevents an electron in a ‘high’ energy state from going to a lower energy state?

A

Basically if that orbital is filled by other electrons, the repulsive force of those electrons won’t allow that electron to occupy the inner orbital

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13
Q

What is a period on a periodic table?

A

Each period (row) represents an energy shell of electrons for a given element

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14
Q

What is a valence electron?

A

Electrons in the outermost shell (highest energy) that can be shared or lost

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15
Q

What is lewis dot notation?

A

A shorthand and way of depicting valence electrons:

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16
Q

Valence electrons are always highest energy?

A

For S and P blocks yes, but this isn’t true necessarily for the D block (metals)

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17
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

They have organelles with special purposes, they are more advanced and exist in plants and animals.

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18
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

These are simpler cells, no membrane enclosed organelles, no nucleus, and they are always one celled organisms

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19
Q

What is an organelle?

A

They are ‘little’ organs, specialized structures.

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20
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The tangled spread out version of DNA inside the nuclear membrane.

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21
Q

When are chromosones made?

A

Chromatin is collected into chromsomes once the cell is ready to divide

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22
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

This is a structure inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that creates ribosomes

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23
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

They are the jellylike fluid that organelles and all the ‘stuff’ of cells float around in inside the interior of a cell. The fluid fills the cell interior.

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24
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A membrane enclosed passageway for transporting materials like proteins

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25
How does the ER transport materials?
It wraps the material in small bubbles called vesicles
26
What is the golgie apparatus / body?
The golgi body accepts vesicles and processes the materials inside for use by the cell, for proteins this would mean folding proteins or possibly attaching lipids, or carbohydrates
27
What is a vacuole?
A storage structure, in plants this might be a water vacuole
28
What is a lysosome?
An organelle that is the garbage collector of the cell. They use enzymes to break down material in the cell
29
What is the mitochondrion?
They are the powerhouse for both animal and plant cells
30
What is cellular respiration?
The process name for how mitochondria produce ATP for the cell
31
What is the cytoskeleton?
A system of microfilaments and microtubules that supports the cell and maintains its shape
32
What is photoautotrophic?
They capture sunlight for energy
33
What is a chloroplast?
A plant organelle where photosynthesis happens
34
Do animal cell have cell walls?
No
35
What is flagella?
A flagellum is a little tale the cell can use to move. The only human cell with a flagellum are sperm
36
What is flagella?
A flagellum is a little tale the cell can use to move. The only human cell with a flagellum are sperm
37
What do all cells have?
A membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material
38
What corresponds to a group in the periodic table?
A column in the table is considered a group. Elements are typically in a group that have the same num valence electrons.
39
What characterizes the alkaline metals?
They are all in group 1 with a single valence electron. They are more electropositive because they tend to give up their single electron.
40
What is the octet rule?
Atoms like to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell as this results in a stable formation
41
What are alkaline earth metals?
They are group 2 metals, more stable than the alkali metals but are still reactive
42
What are the halogens?
They are group 17 elements and they love to interact with alkali metals because they have complementary electron s
43
Why are the noble gases so named?
They are noble because they don't tend to interact with other elements due to their stable outer shell
44
What is a period in the period table?
A row. A row is a group of elements that share properties that determine physical state and reactivity
45
what is chemical reactivity?
The likelihood of an element to give up or accept electrons from another element and form a bond
46
What is relative atomic mass?
This is the weighted average atomic mass among all the isotopes
47
Is energy stored or released when an electron moves to a lower sub shell?
It is released, usually in the form of heat.
48
What happens when an electrons is excited and moved to an outer shell?
It stores energy as potential energy
49
How many electrons does the first orbital contain?
2
50
How many electrons does the 2n orbital contain?
8
51
How many electrons does the 3n oribital contain?
18
52
What is a valence shell?
The outermost shell for an atom
53
What are the subshell designations?
s, p, d, and f
54
What are the types of chemical bonds?
Ionic bonds, metallic bonds, and covalent bonds really these are all degrees of electron sharing on a gradient
55
What is an ionic bond?
An ionic bond occurs when an element donates an electron to another atom creating a positive and negative dipole on the molecule. This bond is called negative because one of the atoms is much more electronegative than the other and hogs the electron
56
What is a cation?
A positive ion (a polar atom)
57
What is an anion?
A negative ion
58
What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is where two atoms share electrons. This can be polarized if one atom is more electronegative than the other
59
What is a polarized covalent bond?
When one atom in a covalent bond is more electronegative than the other
60
What is electronegativity?
A relative measurement of electron affinity between elements.
61
Why are some elements more electro negative than others?
An element will be less electronegative in general the more electrons it has because the effect of the nucleus is weaker at a distance. Also, if an element is close to a noble gas (only needs an electron or two to have an octet) then it is likely strongly electro negative.
62
What is electron affinity?
How much an element wants more elctrons
63
What region of the periodic table is most electronegative?
The upper right including the halogens. This is because the electrons aren't in a distance shell so the force from the nucleus is still strong and they only need a few to complete the octet in their outer shell
64
What region of the periodic table is most electropositive?
The elements in the lower left (group 1, group 2)
65
What is an intermolecular force?
Forces BETWEEN molecules such as dipole-dipole attraction
66
What is an intramolecular force?
The force WITHIN a molecule
67
What is a dipole?
A molecule that is polarized so that one side is more engative and the other is more positive
68
What is an electrostatic attraction?
An electrostatic attraction describes how a dipole can be attracted to another dipole
69
What is hydrogen bonding?
An electrostatic bond between atoms in an already bonded set of atoms
70
What is FON?
This describes the elements that form hydrogen bonds fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen
71
What are london dispersion forces?
The weakest intermolecular force, this is a temporary force that exists when an atom momentarily becomes a dipole due to minute migration of electrons around the molecule
72
What are hydrocarbons?
a compound of hydrogen and carbon
73
How is an anion denoted?
with -ide, for example the anion of chlorine is chloride

Biology (4 decks)

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