Kidney anatomy and physiology

Question 1

Functional unit of the kidney

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

Filtration of blood

Answer 2

Waste products, toxins, excess ions, and water from the bloodstream to produce urine

Question 3

Regulation of blood pressure

Answer 3

Controlling the volume of blood and the concentration of electrolytes in the body

Question 4

Maintenance of Electrolyte Balance

Answer 4

This balance is essential for proper nerve function, muscle contraction, and overall cellular function

Question 5

Acid-Base Balance

Answer 5

pH balance of the blood by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions

Question 6

pH < 7

Answer 6

Acidosis

Question 7

pH > 7

Answer 7

Alcalosis

Question 8

Normal blood pH

Answer 8

7.35 - 7.45

Question 9

The kidneys produce ___________, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Answer 9

Erythropoietin

Question 10

The urinary system eliminates various metabolic waste products, including urea, uric acid, and creatinine, from the body, preventing the buildup of harmful substances

Answer 10

Detoxification

Question 11

Urine formation P1

Answer 11

1. Glomerulus -> filtrates solutes from the blood
2. Tubular system -> Reabsorption
   - Proximal convoluted tubule
   - Descending loop of Henie
   - Ascending loop of Henie
   - Distal
3. Collecting system

Question 12

Urine drainage

Answer 12

• collecting duct
• minor calyx
• mayor calyx
• renal pelvis
• uréter
• urinary bladder

Question 13

How much of the body mass do kidneys represent?

Answer 13

0.5%

Question 14

How much of the cardiac output do kidneys receive

Answer 14

> 20%

Question 15

Higher resistance in the blood flow because the have a vasoconstriction

Answer 15

Efferent arterioles

Question 16

How many nephrons does each kidney have

Answer 16

1 to 1.2 million

Question 17

Glomerular filtration rate _________ while we age due to loss of nephrons

Answer 17

Decreases

Question 18

Daily urine volume

Answer 18

1 to 2 L

Question 19

Filtration rate of plasma

Answer 19

16 - 20 %

Question 20

What substances are easily filtered

Answer 20

water, ions and glucose

Question 21

What is not filtered in normal physiology

Answer 21

blood cells and proteins

Question 22

Net filtration pressure

Answer 22

10 mmHg

Question 23

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Answer 23

60 mmHg

Question 24

Bowman's capsule pressure

Answer 24

18 mmHg

Question 25

Glomerular oncotic pressure

Answer 25

32 mmHg

Question 26

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Answer 26

60 mmHg

Question 27

Capsule hydrostatic pressure

Answer 27

18 mmHg

Question 28

Most important regulation factor

Answer 28

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 29

Causes of pre renal failure

Answer 29

Impaired perfusión: Cardiac failure Sepsis Blood loss Dehydration Vascular occlusion

Question 30

Causes of renal failure

Answer 30

Glomerulonephritis Small-vessel vasculitis Acute tubular necrosis Drugs Toxins Prolonged hypotension Intestinal nephritis Drugs Toxins Inflammatory disease Infection

Question 31

Causes of post renal failure

Answer 31

Urinary calculi Retroperitoneal fibrosis Benign prostatic enlargement Prostate cancer Cervical cancer Urethral stricture/valves Meatal stenosis/phimosis

Question 32

Kidney damage with normal kidney function GFR = 90 or higher

Answer 32

Stage 1 of chronic kidney disease

Question 33

Kidney damage with mild loss of kidney function GFR = 60 - 89

Answer 33

Stage 2 of chronic kidney disease

Question 34

Mild to moderate loss of kidney function GFR = 45 - 59

Answer 34

Stage 3a of chronic kidney disease

Question 35

Moderate to severe loss of kidney function GFR = 30 - 44

Answer 35

Stage 3b of chronic kidney disease

Question 36

Severe loss of kidney function GFR = 15 - 29

Answer 36

Stage 4 of chronic kidney disease

Question 37

Kidney failure GFR = less than 15

Answer 37

Stage 4 of chronic kidney disease

Question 38

Accumulation of urea in the blood

Answer 38

Náusea, anorexia Uremic encephalopathy Bleeding Uremic frost Coma and death