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Advanced Developmental > Kidney Formation > Flashcards

Kidney Formation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three important tissues of the kidney?

A

1) Blood capillaries
2) Nephrons
3) Collecting ducts

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2
Q

What is the developmental term for the definitive kidney?

A

The metanephros

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3
Q

The definitive kidney arises as a result of reciprocal interactions between which two structures?

A

The uteric bud

Metanephric mesenchyme

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4
Q

What is the uteric bud?

A

A small outpocket of the intermediate mesoderm

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5
Q

When does the kideny start to form?

A

Around 28 days of gestation (humans)

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6
Q

The metanephric mesenchyme will form what?

A

The definitive nephric tubules

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7
Q

What does the uteric bud grow towards?

A

The metanephric mesenchyme

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8
Q

What does the uteric bud unduce in the metanephric mesenchyme?

A

It induces it to condense around the bud, undergoing a mesenchymal to epithelial transition
This forms the renal vesicle

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9
Q

What does the renal vesicle differentiate into?

A

The nephron

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10
Q

Which gene is important for the proliferation of the renal vesicle?

A

FGF

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11
Q

What happens distally between the renal vesicle and the bud?

A

They fuse

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12
Q

What happens distally at the renal vesicle?

A

It attracts endothelial capillaries

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13
Q

Nephrons arise from what population of the mesenchyme?

A

Pretubular aggregates

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14
Q

Which gene causes nephrons to arise?

A

Wnt9b

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15
Q

How many nephrons are there in each kidney?

A

10^6

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16
Q

Why is it possible to form so many nephrons from the uteric bud?

A

Because it undergoes branching morphogenesis

17
Q

Describe the steps in branching morphogenesis in the uteric bud

A

1) Proliferation and growth of the tip cells
2) Arrest in proliferation of leading edge tip cell, resulting in flattening of the bud
3) Continued proliferation at the lateral tip cells results in the formation of a cleft and two new tips

18
Q

What is the receptor on the bud?

A

A receptor tyrosine kinase called Ret

19
Q

What signal comes from the mesenchyme?

A

GDNF

20
Q

What is GDNF and what is its action?

A

Initially identified as a neurotrophic factor

Promotes proliferation, migration and outgrowth

21
Q

How do we know about the formation of the kidney?

A

We can study the process in real time using transgenic animals
Eg using wide field epifluorescence where development has been confined to the uteric buds

22
Q

In humans how many branches of the uteric bud have formed at:

a) six weeks
b) seven weeks
c) thirty two weeks

A

a) 16
b) Minor calyces have formed
c) 10^6 branches

23
Q

What is the ureter a remnant of?

A

The initial bud

24
Q

What are the major calyces a remnant of?

A

The first branch

25
Q

Which transcription factor is expressed in nephron stem cells?

A

Six2

26
Q

What is the role of Six2 and how is this shown?

A

It regulates the events that keep the nephron stem cell in a self renewing fate
If it is lost in LOF then the stem cell pool is depleted
If it is overexpressed then differentiation is prevented

27
Q

What are the two structures called that form before the metanephros?

A

The pronephros

The mesenephros

28
Q

Which mesoderm do kidneys form from?

A

The intermediate mesoderm

29
Q

The intermediate mesoderm undergoes a mesenchymal to epithelial cell transition to form what two structures?

A

The nephric duct

The nephric cord

30
Q

What does the nephric duct develop in to?

A

A lumen

Eventually it will give rise to the uteric bud

31
Q

What does the nephric cord develop into?

A

Metanephric mesenchyme

32
Q

Why is the pronehros not functional in mammals?

A

The nephric duct is fully contained in the embryo so it cannot excrete filtered fluids outside of the embryp

33
Q

Mesenephric tubules attract their blood supply from where?

A

The nearby aorta

34
Q

In males, some mesonephros tubules are retained as what?

A

The vas deferens

35
Q

What is Wilm’s tumour?

A

A pediatric cancer in which kidney elements are incompletely differentiated, and instead proliferate to form tumours

36
Q

Why do we need to understand the molecular details of kidney development?

A

To help cure some diseases eg polycystic kidney disease

Or to learn how we can make iPS cells turn into kidney cells

Advanced Developmental (25 decks)

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