Kidney Function

Question 1

List the major functions of kidney and urinary system

Answer 1

*Dispose of waste products
*Maintain overall fluid and electrolyte
*Acid base balance
*Reabsorbing needed material
*Regulating blood pressure
*Creating hormones

Question 2

What does the cortex of the kidney do?

Answer 2

The outer region of the kidney. It is the region that surrounds the renal medullas (pyramid shape region). Filtration occurs here (contains glomerulus)

Question 3

What does the medulla of the kidney do?

Answer 3

Contains tubules of the nephrons and filters fluid from the blood.

Question 4

List the parts of a nephron

Answer 4

*Bowman’s capsule at glomerulus
*Proximal tubule
*Loop of henle
*Distal convoluted tubule
*Collecting ducts
*Nephron empty into collecting ducts then towards renal pelvis

Question 5

What is the approximate number of nephrons per kidney?

Answer 5

Approximately 900,000 to 1 million

Question 6

Explain glucose threshold and what is the range of it?

Answer 6

A specific amount of something in the body such as glucose which has threshold of 160-180 mg/dL and once that threshold is reached excess glucose will be excreted in the urine

Question 7

Describe the glomerulus of the nephron.

Answer 7

Filtration occurs, allows small molecules to pass through and large molecules are unable to enter the filtrate. This requires high hydrostatic pressure in order for liquid ot pass through. The bowman’s capsule has a set of negative charges in order to hold onro proteins . The ultrafiltrate that remains will pass on to the tubules.

Question 8

Describe the tubule of the nephron

Answer 8

-Reabsorption: Needed components are returned to the body
-Secretion: wastes are removed from blood stream and excreted through the urine
-Involved passive and active transport
-Somethings are completely reabsorbed or secreted
-Somethings are secreted or reabsorbed based on their threshold

Question 9

Describe the proximal tubule of the nephron

Answer 9

Essential substances are reabsorbed here along with 70% of water, K, Cl, and urea. Glucose, amino acids, proteins, lactate, citrate, Mg, and Ca are all actively transported through. Indirect active transports brings sodium that is coupled with another molecule while direct active transports uses the sodium potassium pump.

Question 10

Describe loop of henle

Answer 10

this is where sodium and water recovery occurs through the creation of a concentration gradient. Descending is water permeable but ascending has ions come in and out.

Question 11

Describe the distal tubule

Answer 11

This where the adjustments occur such as pH, Osmolality, electrolytes, and whatever is necessary in the the filtrate. Potassium, ammonia and hydrogen are secreted from this section whole sodium and bicarb are reabsorbed.

Question 12

Describe how glomeruli and each renal tubule section are involved in creation of urine and compare volume of fluid processed per day to amount of urine excreted.

Answer 12

*180 L of plasma is filtered through the kidneys and 1.4 of this can become urine if the adult is well hydrated
*Average urine for a healthy hydrated adult is 1200-1500 mL of urine
*600-2000 in a 24 hr period

Question 13

What is polyuria?

Answer 13

Abnormal increase in urine volume

Question 14

Define Oliguria

Answer 14

Decrease in urine volume

Question 15

Define anuria

Answer 15

No urine production

Question 16

What are the major solutes of the proximal tubule?

Answer 16

• Amino acids
• Glucose
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Chloride
• Magnesium

Question 17

What is the major solute of the loop of henle?

Answer 17

Water

Question 18

Major solutes of ascending loop of henle?

Answer 18

• Sodium
• Chloride
• Calcium
• Magnesium

Question 19

What is active transport? Give an example.

Answer 19

Active transport is a form a transport that requires energy and that would be the ions going through the tubules.
No example atm

Question 20

What is passive transport? Give an example.

Answer 20

Passive transport requires no energy and that would be an example of water moving through the tubules.