KIDNEY-GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

Question 1

Function of Kidney

Answer 1

1. Regulation of aspect of homeostasis
2. Excretion/Elimination of Waster Products

Question 2

Changes of __________ can all be balanced by renal functions.

Answer 2

Chloride, Calcium, Potassium, Hydrogen, Magnesium, Phosphate ions

Question 3

____ (10 mEq/day) can increase or decrease by 1 order of magnitude with little change in plasma sodium concentration or extracellular fluid volume.

Answer 3

Salt intake.

Question 4

Excretion of water and electrolyte must match their intake

Answer 4

Regulation of water and electrolyte balances

Question 5

Regulation occurs by excreting variable amounts of salt and water as well as through systems such as renin productions

Answer 5

Regulation of Arterial pressure

Question 6

Regulation occurs by excreting acids and controlling buffering capabilities

Answer 6

Regulation of acid-base balance

Question 7

Kidneys produce the active form of vitamin D

Answer 7

Regulation of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

Question 8

Kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors during long periods of fasting

Answer 8

Gluconeogenesis

Question 9

Location of the kidney

Answer 9

• Against the dorsal body wall (retroperitoneal)
• Levels in T12-L3

Question 10

Layers of the Kidney

Answer 10

1. Renal Capsule
2. Adipose Capsule
3. Renal Fascia

Question 11

Barrier against trauma and maintain shape

Answer 11

Renal Capsule

Question 12

Mass of fatty tissue and helps the kidney in its correct location

Answer 12

Adipose Capsule

Question 13

A thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue anchors the kidney to the surrounding structure

Answer 13

Renal Fascia

Question 14

Ureter, blood & lymphatic vessels and nerve emerges

Answer 14

Renal Hilum

Question 15

Kidneys are divided into two regions

Answer 15

Outer cortex & Inner Medulla

Question 16

The medulla is divided into:

Answer 16

Renal Pyramids

Question 17

It is the functional unit of kidney

Answer 17

Nephron

Question 18

Two significant components of the nephron

Answer 18

1. Glomerulus through which large amounts of fluid are filtered from the blood
2. Tubule in which the fluid is turned into urine on its way to pelvis of the kidney

Question 19

It is composed of a network of branching capillaries that has a high hydrostatic pressure (60mmHg)

Answer 19

Glomerulus

Question 20

The entire Glomerulus is encased in

Answer 20

Bowman’s Capsule

Question 21

Nephrons whose glomeruli are located in the outer cortex are called?

Answer 21

Cortical Nephrons

Question 22

Nephrons whose glomeruli are located in the deep cortex are called?

Answer 22

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Question 23

Each kidney contains about how many collecting ducts and how many nephrons?

Answer 23

250 large collecting ducts
Approximately 4000 nephrons

Question 24

Each kidney contains about how many collecting ducts and how many nephrons?

Answer 24

250 large collecting ducts
Approximately 4000 nephrons

Question 25

It is the initial step or the first step in urine production.

Answer 25

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Question 26

It is the process through which your kidney filters excess fluid and waste items from your blood into the kidney's urine collecting tubules where they can be removed from you body.

Answer 26

Glomerulus Filtration Rate

Question 27

GFR occurs in:

Answer 27

Renal Corpuscle, Bowman's Capsule; Glomerular Capillaries

Question 28

What do you call to filtered fluids?

Answer 28

Glomerular Filtrate

Question 29

GFR per minute in men and women.

Answer 29

125 ml/min (men) 105 ml/min (women)

Question 30

What is the composition of Glomerular Filtrate?

Answer 30

Most salts and organic compounds

Question 31

Molecular weight chemicals that are not readily filtered because they are attached to plasma proteins

Answer 31

Calcium and fatty acids

Question 32

It is the wall of the glomerulus.

Answer 32

Glomerulus Filtration Barrier

Question 33

It goes towards the glomerulus

Answer 33

Afferent arteriole

Question 34

It left the glomerulus

Answer 34

Efferent Arteriole

Question 35

3 Layers of Glomerular Filtration Barrier

Answer 35

1. Endothelium 2. Basement Membrane 3. Epithelium

Question 36

Solutes, plasma, and fluids can pass through, but not blood cells

Answer 36

Endothelium

Question 37

Gel-like layer with tiny pores that prevent plasma proteins from being filtered out of the bloodstream

Answer 37

Basement Membrane

Question 38

This layer consist of podocytes that blocks plasma protein passage because it has a negative charge

Answer 38

Epithelium

Question 39

Average colloid osmotic pressure of the capillary plasma

Answer 39

28-36 mmHg

Question 40

The average glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Answer 40

60mmHg

Question 41

The average Bowman's Capsule pressure

Answer 41

18 mmHg

Question 42

The average Net filtration pressure

Answer 42

10mmHg

Question 43

What happens to increased arterial pressure?

Answer 43

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure increases and increase Glomerular Fast Reduction Rate

Question 44

What happens to the dilation of the afferent arteriole?

Answer 44

Reduction of Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure and increase in the Glomerular Ventricular Area

Question 45

Moderate levels of arteriolar constriction will?

Answer 45

Slight increase in GFR

Question 46

Renal Blood Flow

Answer 46

Aorta--> Renal Artery--> Segmental Artery--> Lobar Artery--> Interlobar Artery--> Arcuate Artery--> Interlobular Artery--> Afferent Arteriole --> Glomerulus--> Efferent Arteriole--> Peritubular capillaries--> Interlobular Vein--> Arcuate Vein--> Interlobar Vein--> Renal Vein--> Inferior Vena Cava