Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

408- Exam 2 > Kidney Stones > Flashcards

Kidney Stones Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Functions of the kidneys:

A

Maintain fluid, electrolyte, and solute balance
Filtration of blood
Regulation of water homeostasis
Regulate blood pressure
Maintain acid-base balance
Hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The kidneys secrete vasopressin also known as _____ which is stimulated by high osmolality.

A

ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Steps of the renin-angiotensin cascade system (3):

A
  1. Glomerulus secretes renin when blood volume decreases
  2. Renin stimulates the formation of angiotensin (vasoconstrictor)
  3. Angiotensin stimulates aldosterone to reabsorb sodium and fluid and also increases blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The kidney produces 2 important hormones:

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) and the active form of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

EPO stimulates what?

A

RBC production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

T/F: Angiotensin is a vasodilator

A

False, vasoconstrictor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nephrolithiasis are:

A

Kidney stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Types of kidney stones

A

Calcium stones
Uric acid stones
Struvite stones
Cystine stones (rare)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Struvite stones ONLY form in the presence of _______, not very common.

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cystine kidney stones caused by a very rare genetic condition called ______.

A

Cystinuria, excess cystine excretion in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Kidney stone risk factors:

A

Male gender (it’s also increasing in women)
Family history/Genetics
Obesity
Oliguria (low urine excretion)
Hypercalciuria (high)
Hyperoxaluria (high)
Hyperuricosuria (high)
Hypocitraturia (low)
Urine pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of calcium kidney stones (2):

A

Calcium oxalate (most common)
Calcium phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: Oliguria (low urine excretion) encourages kidney stones because it can lead to a concentration of substances accumulating in the urine that promote stone formation.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hypocitraturia increases the risk of calcium oxalate stones because citric acid prevents _______ from binding to oxalate.

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Estrogen, particularly in premenopausal women, is thought to ________ urinary citrate levels, which helps prevent the formation of kidney stones. This is why post-menopausal women have an increased risk of kidney stones (hypocitraturia)

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MNT for kidney stones

A

Monitor results 24hrs from collection
Fluid intake over 2.5 L/day to dilute solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Urine volume for kidney stones should exceed ___ L/day.

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cranberry juice helps treat _____ stones as it has anti-microbial properties.

A

Struvite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Citrus drinks helps prevent ______ stones from forming.

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Foods to limit/avoid for kidney stones:

A

Foods high in oxalates
Ca supplements in large doses
Vitamin C supplements in large doses
High sodium diets
High animal protein diets
Excessive fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vitamin C in high doses can ______ risk of kidney stones.

A

Increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: Caffeine increases the risk of kidney stone since it increases Ca excretion.

A

F, it is a diuretic so it also promotes urine excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What increases uric acid excretion and increases the risk for uric acid stones (3)?

A

High animal protein diets
High purine foods
High fructose diets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Vitamin C in high doses increases _______ excretion in the urine, promoting calcium oxalate stones via hyperoxaluria.

A

Oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
If we consume adequate potassium, we excrete ____ calcium in the urine.
Less
25
Foods to consume with kidney stones:
Potassium Calcium Magnesium Probiotics
26
Potassium is found more in ____ foods, which tend to reduce the risk of kidney stones.
Plant
27
What prevents oxalate absorption (4) which can reduce the risk of calcium-oxalate stones?
Potassium Calcium Magnesium Probiotics
28
High oxalate foods that should be limited:
Spinach Berries Chocolate Wheat bran Tea Nuts Turmeric Beets Rhubarb
29
High purine foods that should be limited:
Animal protein MFP Shellfish/Fish Organ meats
30
If there are excess minerals in our body, the body will ______ more.
Excrete
31
If there are a low amount of minerals in our body, the body will _____ more from the kidneys or small intestine.
Reabsorb
32
T/F: The kidneys can sense blood volume, solute volume, and electrolyte volume
True, and it adjusts accordingly
33
Kidneys excrete _____ in the urine.
Toxins
34
A high osmolality in the blood, that means there is a high _____ concentration (glucose, nitrogenous waste, electrolytes, or other substances) in the blood.
Solute
35
In response to a high solute concentration in the blood, the kidneys will secrete _________ also known as _____ to reabsorb more back into the bloodstream to help dilute the blood solute concentration.
Vasopressin, ADH
36
Kidneys filter and excrete out different types of nitrogenous waste products such as (3):
Urea Ammonia Creatinine
37
The renin-angiotensin cascade system starts in the _______.
Kidneys (glomerulus)
38
If kidneys sense a low blood volume, it will promote the formation of _______ to raise BP through the cascade.
Renin
39
Kidneys remove acid from the _____ and excrete it in the urine.
Blood
40
EPO treats _____ of chronic disease.
Anemia
41
The active form of vitamin D is ________.
Calcitriol
42
The glomerulus is the _____ unit of the kidneys.
Filtering
43
The majority kidney stones are _______ stones, and of that, the most common ones are ________ ________ stones.
Calcium, Calcium oxalate
44
Stone ________ is common in obese patients.
Recurrence
45
______ and adequate fluid intake are controllable factors in preventing kidney stones.
Obesity
46
Citric acid is _________ against kidney stones, which is why low levels increase the risk of kidney stones.
Protective
47
Low pH, acidic urine, increases the risk of ______ acid stones.
Uric
48
High pH, basic urine, increases the risk of calcium ______ stones.
Phosphate
49
Monitoring 24hr urine samples, help determine the type of stone, due to measuring ____ concentrations.
Solute
50
Adequate _____ intake, helps prevent any type of stone development, by diluting solute concentration in the urine. Patients should be producing 2L of urine a day.
Fluid
51
T/F: Spinach is a great source of calcium.
F, the Ca and Mg in spinach bind to oxalates and prevent them form being excreted in the urine (helps limit calcium oxalate stones)
52
T/F: Patients with kidney stones, should reduce calcium consumption
F, patients should still consume adequate amounts of Ca.
53
Patients should avoid Ca supplements at doses higher than ____ mg. If not, they will excrete more Ca in the urine and are more at risk for stones.
500
54
High animal protein diets promotes _____ acid excretion and should be limited.
Uric
55
High sodium diets promote increased _____ excretion and should be limited.
Calcium
56
T/F: excessive glucose consumption increases uric acid excretion.
F, Fructose
57
Vitamin C contributes to ___________.
Hyperoxaluria
58
Adequate Ca and Mg in the diet can help prevent calcium oxalate stones because Ca and Mg bind to oxalate in the _________ and the complex are excreted through the stool instead of the urine.
Intestines
59
Plant foods can help reduce the _____ of the urine, while animal proteins do the opposite.
Acidity
60
Probiotics can prevent the _______ of oxalate, promoting the secretion through the stool, rather than the urine.
Absorption
61
When someone develops a stone:
1. Pass in urine (depending on size) 2. Surgically remove 3. Locate and treat (shock wave lithotripsy)
62
Shock wave lithotripsy treats stones by using ____ to diffuse stones.
Water
63
Patients at risk for developing stones should not consume more than _____ mg of Vitamin C a day.
500
64
T/F: RD's can prevent the onset of kidney stones.
False, RD's mainly prevent the recurrence of kidney stones

408- Exam 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions