Kidneys Structure, Function and Disease Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are the primary functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion: Actively taking in food via the mouth.
Mechanical Processing: Breaking down food (e.g., chewing, mashing).
Digestion: Chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules.
Secretion: Releasing water, acids, enzymes, and buffers.
Absorption: Moving nutrients and water into the body.
Excretion: Eliminating waste products.
What are the main components of the digestive system?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large Intestine (cecum, colon, rectum)
Accessory organs: liver, gallbladder, pancreas
What are the main regions of the stomach?
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
What are the four functions of the stomach?
Storage of ingested food.
Mechanical breakdown of food.
Chemical digestion through acids and enzymes.
Production of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
What are the three segments of the small intestine?
Duodenum: Receives bile and pancreatic enzymes.
Jejunum: Primary site for nutrient absorption.
Ileum: Absorbs remaining nutrients and connects to the large intestine.
What are the main functions of the large intestine?
Reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.
Absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria.
Storage of feces prior to defecation.
What are the three parts of the large intestine?
Cecum
Colon
Rectum
What are the primary functions of the liver?
Metabolic Regulation: Processes nutrients and detoxifies the blood.
Haematological Regulation: Processes blood cells and proteins.
Bile Production: Secretes bile to aid in fat digestion.
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores and concentrates bile.
Located under the right lobe of the liver.
What are common disorders of the gastrointestinal system?
Gallstones.
Crohn’s Disease.
Ulcerative Colitis.
Diverticulitis.
Gastroenteritis.
Ulcers.
Cancer.
What are common surgical incisions in gastrointestinal procedures?
Laparoscopic.
Laparotomy (midline, transverse, rooftop, paramedian, subcostal).
What are the three main functions of the urinary system?
Excretion: Removal of waste products from bodily fluids.
Elimination: Discharge of waste as urine.
Homeostatic Regulation: Regulates blood volume, BP, plasma ions, blood pH, and nutrient conservation.
What are the main components of the urinary system?
Kidneys.
Ureters.
Urinary bladder.
Urethra.
What are the structural features of the kidneys?
Location: T12-L3, posterior to the vertebral column.
Size: 10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, 3 cm thick.
Structure: Protected by renal fascia, perinephric fat, and fibrous capsule.
Regions: Cortex (outer) and medulla (inner, contains renal pyramids).
What is the nephron, and what are its components?
The functional unit of the kidney which filters the blood (~1.25 million per kidney).
Components:
Renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus).
Renal tubule (proximal and distal tubules, loop of Henle, collecting duct)
What are the main functions of the kidneys (A WET BED)?
A: Acid-base balance.
W: Water balance.
E: Erythropoiesis (RBC production).
T: Toxin removal.
B: Blood pressure regulation.
E: Electrolyte balance.
D: Vitamin D activation.
What is nephritis, and what are its symptoms?
Inflammation of the kidneys (e.g., glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis).
Symptoms: Kidney pain, painful urination, nocturia, blood/pus in urine, swelling, fever, vomiting, high BP.
What is nephrosis?
Non-inflammatory kidney disease affecting nephrons.
Symptoms: Severe swelling (eyes, feet), foamy urine, weight gain, fatigue.
Often leads to nephrotic syndrome (protein loss in urine → oedema).
What are the key characteristics of acute renal failure (ARF)?
Sudden onset.
Both kidneys must be involved.
Causes: Reduced blood flow, inflammation, or obstruction.
Reversible: If underlying cause is addressed.
What are the stages of chronic renal failure (CRF)?
Decreased Reserve: Early functional decline.
Renal Insufficiency: Noticeable reduction in kidney function.
End-Stage Renal Failure: Permanent damage requiring dialysis or transplant.
What are the implications of kidney diseases for physiotherapy?
Monitor exercise tolerance.
Be cautious of fistulas in dialysis patients.
Account for psychosocial challenges and prolonged recovery times.
