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LSC101 > Kimberly's Lectures > Flashcards

Kimberly's Lectures Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Define a cell

A

Internally organised unit with structural compartments for different functions
Organelles

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2
Q

How many different primary tissues is the body composed of?

A

4

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3
Q

How many primary tissues do organs contain?

A

At least 2, but usually all 4

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4
Q

Explain juxtacrine

A

Contact dependent signalling

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5
Q

Explain Autocrine

A

Cell secretes hormone/chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on same cell (leads to changes in the cell).

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6
Q

Explain endocrine advertising

A

Cell release hormones that act on distinct target cells in the body

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7
Q

Explain exocrine advertising

A

Secretion of a substance out through a duct e.g. Salivary glands, sweat glands

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8
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Functional connection between a neuron and another cell

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9
Q

What is integration?

A

‘Cross talk’

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10
Q

What percentage of the body is water?

A

60%

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11
Q

What is a solution?

A

Solvent + solute

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12
Q

Explain concentration gradients

A

Substances will always Tavel from an area of high concentration to low concentration (diffusion)

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13
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

Weaker than the interior of the cell

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14
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

Stronger than the interior of the cell

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water down a concentration gradient across a semi permeable membrane

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16
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Molecules move down their concentration gradient but must pass a membrane via a specific pore or transporter

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17
Q

What do cells use as their energy source?

A

ATP

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18
Q

Name 2 soluble compounds

A
  1. Glucose

2. Sodium Chloride

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19
Q

Why is glucose soluble in water?

A

Water molecules attract each other and form a network of hydrogen bonds

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20
Q

Why is sodium chloride (salt) soluble?

A

Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. In water it’s components dissociate and ionise. Ions will interact with water

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21
Q

What does an electrolyte do?

A

Produces a solution that will conduct electricity

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22
Q

What can result in formation of a solid (precipitation)?

A

Mixing by two aqueous solutions

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23
Q

What is pH?

A

The degree of acidity or alkalinity

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24
Q

Why is oil insoluble in water?

A

Water is polar and oil is non polar and their molecules are not attracted to each other. Water molecules are more attracted to themselves in this case

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25
How do you maintain a constant pH? (Blood 7.35-7.45)
Use a buffer
26
What is equilibrium?
The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
27
What do catalysts do?
Selectively speed up a specific chemical reaction without being consumed)
28
What does the rate of reaction depend on?
1. pH 2. Temperature 3. Ionic strength
29
What is homeostasis?
External factors lead to change in internal environment
30
What is a conformer?
Organism that is dependent upon the changes in the external environment
31
What is a regulator?
Organism that can control their internal environment regardless of external environmental change
32
What is negative feedback?
A reaction that causes a decrease in function
33
What is positive feedback?
A physiological process is encouraged or the actions of a system are amplified. This can continue to amplify your body's response to a stimulus until a negative feedback response takes over
34
What molecules make up a cell?
70% water | 30% chemical
35
What do proteins do?
Proteins are required for the structure, function and regulation of the bodies tissues and organs
36
What are proteins made of?
Polymers of amino acids
37
How many different amino acids are there?
20
38
What components make up a protein?
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and occasionally sulphur
39
How do you make a protein?
Amino acids join together to form a polypeptide (like a string of beads)
40
What is denaturation?
Increases in temperature or extremes of pHcan distort the shape of a protein
41
What do carbohydrates do?
Provide body with energy
42
What are carbohydrates made of?
Monosaccharides
43
What do monosaccharides link together to form?
Disaccharides
44
What are some common disaccharides?
* maltose * lactose * sucrose
45
What is another name for fats?
Lipids
46
What do fats contain?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
47
What is a fat?
Compound that dissolves in an organic solvent
48
What is a saturated fat?
Fat that contains no double bonds
49
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats that contain a double bond
50
What does TAG contain?
Fatty acids | Glycerol
51
What does hydrophobic mean?
Very insoluble in water
52
What do nucleic acids contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous
53
What is RNA used for?
Protein synthesis
54
What does ATP do?
Allows reactions to occur that would otherwise be impossible Provides a link between energy consuming and energy producing reactions
55
What does it mean to acclimatise (or acclimate)?
Change your phenotype
56
What does adaption mean?
Changes to genotype
57
What is phenotypic plasticity?
Within the constraints of its genotype an animal can change its phenotype
58
How to be plastic?
* membrane acclimation * enzyme acclimation * changes in gene and protein expression
59
What are some components of the cell membrane
* it provides structure | * must be flexible/ fluid enough for ion and protein movement
60
What is acclimation
Physiological, biochemical or anatomical change within an individual
61
What is the importance of practicing?
More phenotypic plasticity usually means organisms/populations are more resilient
62
What are the requirements of evolution by natural selection?
* Genetic variation (traits can be passed on) | * An advantage
63
What are the basic concepts in evolution by natural selection?
1. Environment - the selective force | 2. Fitness - those better adapted will survive
64
What is drift?
Some traits do not confer an advantage. Evolution of the traits is due to chance
65
What is the founder effect?
A small number of organism colonise a new area and are isolated from the original population
66
Why is sex useful?
It mixes up allelic combinations and it makes it much harder to lose genetic diversity from the population (if mating is random)
67
What is evolution?
Changes in heritable traits within a population from one generation to the next
68
What is a species?
Largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring
69
What is stabilising selection?
One average phenotype is selected and extreme values are selected against
70
What is directional selection?
Extreme value of a trait is advantageous and selected for
71
What is disruptive selection?
Extremes are favoured over average value for a given trait
72
What is frequency depended selection?
Fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in the population. Phenotype becomes less fit if it becomes too common.
73
What is sexual selection?
Competition for access to mate

LSC101 (3 decks)

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