Kin 101: Chapter 3

Question 1

Transcription

Answer 1

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence

Question 2

Compartmentalized

Answer 2

Promotes metabolic efficiency by enhancing the physical proximity of components in functionally related pathways and separating them from potentially competing processes

Question 3

Nucleotide

Answer 3

Building blocks of nucleic acids, storage of chemical energy

Question 4

Translation

Answer 4

The process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 5

Body Cavities

Answer 5

Separated from one
another by bones and tissues

Question 6

Lumen

Answer 6

Interior of any hollow organ, could be filled with air or fluid, is an extension of external environment

Question 7

Physical Isolation

Answer 7

Physical barrier that separates ICF from
ECF

Question 8

What does regulation of exchange with the environment control?

Answer 8

Controls entry of ions & nutrients, elimination of wastes, release of products

Question 9

Communication between the cell and its environment

Answer 9

Proteins enable the cell to recognize and respond to molecules or changes in the external environment

Question 10

Structural support

Answer 10

Membrane proteins anchor the cytoskeleton to maintain cell shape or create junctions between adjacent cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix

Question 11

Secretion

Answer 11

When a cell releases a substance to the ECF

Question 12

What is a Cell Membrane

Answer 12

Thin layer of lipids that separate the
inside and outside of the cell

Question 13

What are Membrane made of?

Answer 13

Mostly lipids and proteins

Question 14

How do membrane lipids create a hydrophobic barrier

Answer 14

In an aqueous solution, phospholipids align so their polar heads interact with water while the nonpolar fatty acid tails “hide” by putting the polar heads between themselves and the water

Question 15

Micelles

Answer 15

Droplets of phospholipids, are important for lipid digestion

Question 16

What are the two types of membrane proteins

Answer 16

Peripheral Proteins: attach to membrane proteins by noncovalent interactions, removal does not disrupt membrane integrity
Integral Proteins: tightly bound to the membrane, removal disrupts membrane integrity

Question 17

What is Cytoplasm made of?

Answer 17

Cytosol, Membrane Organelle (mitochondria) , Inclusions, and Protein Fibres (cytoskeleton)

Question 18

What are Inclusions?

Answer 18

Are substances in the ICF that do not have
boundary membranes

Question 19

What is the Cytoskeleton described as?

Answer 19

A changeable scaffolding

Question 20

What are Motor Proteins?

Answer 20

They convert every into directed movement. They use energy in ATP to propel themselves along cytoskeleton fibres

Question 21

Myosins

Answer 21

An example of a Motor Protein, bind to actin fibres (provide mechanical support) and help with muscle contraction

Question 22

Need to know Organelles (4)

Answer 22

– MITOCHONDRIA
– ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM +RIBOSOMES
– GOLGI APPARATUS
– SECRETORY/STORAGE VESICLES

Question 23

Mitochondria

Answer 23

Powerhouse of the cell

Question 24

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 24

Protein modification and packaging

Question 25

ER

Answer 25

Rough ER: main sight of protein synthesis and Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids

Question 26

What are the two Cytoplasm Vesicles

Answer 26

Secretory vesicles; are release from cell with proteins and storage vesicles; fixed to cytoplasm

Question 27

Protein Synthesis

Answer 27

The biological process whereby amino acids are assembled by peptide bonding into specific polypeptide sequences in accord with genetic blueprints encoded by deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 28

4 Types of Tissue

Answer 28

Epithelia, Connective, Neural, Muscle

Question 29

Epithelial Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

Answer 29

- skin, - covers surfaces and line cavities - thin, medium, or big - no blood supply

Question 30

Connective Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

Answer 30

- facia, ligaments, and tendons - anchor muscle to bone & epi tissue - irregular matrix - a lot less blood supply than muscle

Question 31

Muscle Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

Answer 31

- heart, bladder, bicep - cardiac, smooth, skeletal - long *cardiac is branched - excitable & highly vascularized

Question 31

Nueral Tissue (example, location, cell arrangement, and unique feature)

Answer 31

- neuron - everywhere (CNS/PNS) - network - electrical signalling/excitabole

Question 31

Histology

Answer 31

The study of tissue, structure, and function

Question 32

Epithelial Tissue protects what?

Answer 32

The internal environment by acting as a barrier inside and outside or organs. Any substance must cross a epithelium

Question 33

Connective tissue provides?

Answer 33

Structural support, and protection from invaders

Question 34

Muscle Tissues functions?

Answer 34

Can contract and produce force and movement. Most skeletal muscles attach to bones and are responsible for gross movement of the body

Question 35

Neural Tissues functions?

Answer 35

Includes two types of cells, neurons, or nerve cells, which carry chemical and electrical signals from one part of the body to another. Glial cells, or neuroglia, are the support cells for neurons

Question 36

Glial Cells

Answer 36

Aid in the maintenance of homeostasis, and form myelin

Question 37

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 37

Holds cells together, growth and development of cell death

Question 38

Cell Junctions

Answer 38

Membrane proteins and extracellular matrix that hold cells together to form tissues

Question 39

Cell-adhesion molecules

Answer 39

Membrane-spanning proteins responsible both for cell junctions and for transient cell adhesions

Question 40

Two Types of Cell Death

Answer 40

Necrosis, and Apoptosis

Question 41

Necrosis

Answer 41

Cells die from physical trauma, toxins, or lack of oxygen (may damage adjacent cells triggering inflammatory response)

Question 42

Apoptosis

Answer 42

Programmed cell death, regulated by chemical signals (Does not damage adjacent cells)

Question 43

Stem Cells

Answer 43

They have the potential to develop into any tissue because they are undifferentiated

Question 44

What does it mean when something is Interstitial

Answer 44

Situated within, but not restricted to or characteristic of a particular organ or tissue

Question 45

When Glucose enters the body, what is its pathway?

Answer 45

Intracellular, Interstitial, and Plasma

Question 46

What is the cell membrane made of?

Answer 46

Lipids & Proteins