Kinesiology Final Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
Ventral Nerves Consist of _____ neurons, while the dorsal spinal root consist of ____ neurons
A
efferent/sensory
- dorsal (afferent sensory info comes to dorsal root)
-Ventral (efferent info leaves from sensory root)
2
Q
According to research published in 2010, and discussed in class, women’s world records in sport improved faster than men’s world records until the year 1983, after which the gender performance gap stabilized at about:
A
10%
3
Q
As presented in the video about the Australian Sports Institute’s talent identification program in women’s rowing, the Institute looked for female volunteers to train as rowers who:
A
had longer than average thighs and forearms
4
Q
Spinal cord injury neurological level and Extent of Lesion
A
Incomplete Tetraplegia: all 4 extremities affected, some movement below the sight of the injury, occurs above the cervical region
Incomplete paraplegia: just legs affected occurs below cervical region (some communication)
Complete paraplegia: occurs below cervical region, no communication
Complete tetraplegia : occurs above cervical region, no communication
5
Q
Which of the following consequences of spinal cord injuries is the most common?
A
incomplete tetraplegia
6
Q
Measuring skilled performance
Error Scores:
A
- Absolute Error: unsigned error, no positive not negative signs add them up and divide by trials
- Constant Error: gives direction, constant error score will be positive
- Variable Error: consistency around your own average, very inconsistent this number is high
7
Q
What is the constant error for the following set of scores [-8, 9, -12, -2, 4] (target score = 0)?
A
-1.8
8
Q
What are the three sub-disciplines within the scientific field of Motor Behavior?
A
motor learning, motor development, motor control
9
Q
Riding a mountain bicycle on an unfamiliar and winding trail is an example of:
A
a continuous skill
10
Q
On average, peak (best) motor performance is observed between _______ and _______ years of age.
A
18 and 25
11
Q
Gender in Motor Performance
A
-males tend to outperform females in gross motor tasks while females out perform males in fine motor tasks
-women improved faster than men for most of the 20th century and then gender gap stabilized in 1983
12
Q
In 2007 the mandatory retirement age of pilots was increased from
A
60 to 65
13
Q
A spinal cord injury that results in tetraplegia must have occurred in the __________ spinal region.
A
cervical
14
Q
When attempting to identify candidates who have the abilities important for becoming successful fighter pilots, the US military (e.g., Air Force) uses a test battery. Correlation coefficients computed between the test battery score and eventual pilot performance are typically:
A
+ 0.3 to +0.4
15
Q
Theory of General Motor Ability
A
Older, incorrect view in which a single, general ability was thought to underlie individual differences in motor behavior (good at skill A should be good at skill B)
16
Q
In the study by Drowatzky and Zuccato (1967) which examined correlations among six balance tests, the correlation coefficients computed were very weak. The results of this experiment:
A
demonstrated that humans do not possess a general motor ability nor even a general balancing ability
17
Q
The purpose of ______________________ is to explain how various phenomena occur.
A
therories
18
Q
What is an Abiltiy?
A
stable, enduring, mainly genetically-defined trait that influences/underlies skilled performance and is not modified by practice
-abilities unlike skills are not modifiable due to practice
-abilities affect skills
- abilities that influence someone when they are a beginner aren’t the same ones that influence skills when someones an expert
19
Q
Spinal nerves
A
C1-C8: cervical nerves they control arms and hands
T1-T12: thoracic nerves control chest and abdominal muscles
L1-L5: lumbar nerves, control leg muscles
S1-S5: sacral nerves control bowel, bladder
20
Q
The spinal nerves serving the arms and hands exit/enter the spinal cord in the:
A
cervical region of the spine
21
Q
Sensory vs. Motor Cortex
A
Sensory- lips bigger, has teeth while motor does not
Motor Cortex- hand bigger
22
Q
T - F The primary somatosensory cortical homunculus has smaller hands than the primary motor cortical homunculus does.
A
True
23
Q
Neuroscientist Daniel Wolpert believes that brains evolved in animals for one reason only. What is that reason?
A
brains evolved to allow the performance of complex and adaptable movements
24
Q
Muscles are attached to bones via
A
tendons
25
T-F Muscles exert for by pulling (i.e. they do not push)
True
26
If you found a correlation coefficient of +.68 between performance on tasks A and B, you could conclude that tasks A and B share approximately _______ of their underlying abilities.
46%
27
Agonist vs. Antagonist
-Agonist: muscles that are responsible for causing a particular motion (prime mover)
-Antagonist: (muscle that performs the joint motion opposite that of agonist
28
Reciprocal inhibition refers to a situation when:
the antagonist muscle is inhibited while the agonist muscle contracts
-occurs for reflexive and voluntary movements
29
A 2012 study published in the journal Pediatrics, and discussed in class, found a correlation coefficient of _________ between IQ score and motor coordination in a sample of 460 children.
+.44
30
Skills that occur in an unpredictable environment are called _________________ skills.
open
31
A skill can be seen as a task. A skill can be classified along several different dimensions including...
1. discrete: identifiable beginning and end
-serial: many discrete tasks put together, gymnastics routine
-continuous
2. Fine: uses smaller muscle groups primarily in hand, arm, or face
3. Gross: uses large muscle groups
4. Cognitive: the decision about what you do is the most important thing (chess)
5. Motor: the movement is the most important thing (bench press)
32
Of the following choices, which is the best example of discrete and gross skill?
a vertical jump test
33
During rapid elbow flexion, the triceps muscle:
is inhibited and passively lengthens
34
T - F If you found a correlation coefficient of +.79 between hip joint flexibility (i.e., range of motion) and running speed, you would be able to conclude that hip joint flexibility affects running speed.
false
35
T - F Children with intellectual disability are less likely than children with average intelligence to suffer from motor coordination problems.
False
36
The three components of skill proficiency are:
(skill proficiency distinguishes higher-skilled performers from lower skilled performers)
Maximum certainty of goal achievement
Maximum outlay of energy
Minimum time
37
_________________ is a motor ability characterized by making quick choices from among a number of alternative movements (AKA: choice reaction time).
response orientation
38
Qualities associated with higher levels of skilled motor performance include
minimum energy expenditure and maximum certainty of goal achievement
39
The relative-age effect explains how __________________ can play a role in motor skill learning and performance.
birth month
40
Which of the following choices is the best example of a discrete skill?
clicking a mouse button
41
Which of the following correlation coefficients would permit the most accurate prediction of one variable simply from knowledge of the other variable?
-.87
42
Motor neurons send information to muscles using:
axons
43
The primary somatosensory and primary motor cortices are located in the _______________ and _______________ lobes of the brain, respectively.
parietal and frontal
44
Peripheral nerve transplants (allografts):
are effective for restoring both sensation and movement
45
What is correlation?
the measure of the degree of association between two variables
46
Correlations are used to predict
performance
- positive: one variable increases, other variable increases
-negative: one variable increases, other variable decreases
47
When viewing a scatterplot, how do you determine whether the correlation is strong, moderate or weak, without performing any calculations?
the closer the data points are to the trendline (i.e linear), the stronger the correlation
48
Parts of Brain Stem
Pons: link between cerebrum and cerebellum. Regulates sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control
Medulla: cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers. Regulates involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
49
Where are the control centers for respiration, blood pressure, and cardiac function located?
brain stem
50
Charlie Hince:
suffered tetraplegia as a result of his spinal cord injury. He suffered a C5 sever of the cervical spine. The brain can now not send messages to the body to move and body can not send messages back to the brain to tell what he is feeling.
51
Primary somatosensory cortex
primary sensory processor (feel fingers)
52
Function of the cerebellum
Provides smooth, coordinated body movement, important for movement coordination and learning
53
The cerebellum doesn’t create movement, rather it:
makes movement smooth and coordinated
54
T - F One would expect to find a negative correlation between reaction time (RT) and age in a large sample of persons 26 to 85 years of age.
False
55
Two way in which the CNS modulates active muscle force
1. Motor Unit recruitment
- Size principle: motor units recruited smallest to largest
2. Neural stimulation Frequency (rate coding)
-Muscles fibers can be stimulated with action potentials at different frequencies. More frequent stimulation results in greater muscle force development
56
__________________ is one of the methods the central nervous system uses to regulate muscle force.
Motor Unit recruitment
57
Movement programing Stage
- Movement being planned stage of information processing
58
What are three lines of scientific evidence for motor programs?
1. Henry and Rogers experiment
2. Deafferentation Experiments: demonstrated that sensory information from a limb is not necessary for movement production
3. Mechanically blocking a limb: tricep, bicep, tricep contraction the contractions are still there showing that we plan before we do the movement
59
Which of the following statements about the Henry-Rogers (1960) experiment is(are) true?
- the results of the experiment were seen as evidence supporting the existence of motor programs
-the experiment discovered the movement programming stage of information processing
-the experiment’s dependent variable was RT
-found that increases in movement complexity cause increase in RT
-Supports the idea that we organize (plan) movements in advance
60
Psychological refractory period
Delay in a person's RT to the second of two closely spaced stimuli, compared with the RT to the second stimulus when presented alone
-Bottleneck occurs in the movement programing stage of information processing that causes this
-SOA's between 50 and 300ms will produce refractory period, greatest delays occurs closest to 50 ms.
61
The psychological refractory period occurs because of a bottleneck in the stimulus identification stage of information processing.
False
62
The dorsal visual stream:
is the faster of the two visual streams
63
The complete surgical deafferentation of Dr. Berg’s left arm:
-would prevent reflexes from occurring in his left arm
-would eliminate touch and temperature sensation in his left arm
64
What must be eliminated to make an Open Loop system
Comparator
-purely open-loop: M1, M2, Dorsal vision
65
Major Components of a Closed-Loop System
Executive: makes decisions (info processing)
Effector: like a worker in a company, does the actual work
Comparator: compares actual state versus the planned or desired state (computes error)
-inserting a contact lens is an example, gives feedback
66
What is the primary disadvantage of a conscious closed-loop motor control system?
it is relatively slow
67
The capacity of a person to predict when a stimulus will be presented is called:
Temporal anticipation
68
The demand for attention increases between the first stage of information processing and the third stage.
True
69
The Wadman et al. (1979) experiment demonstrated that a 3-burst muscle activation pattern (agonist – antagonist – agonist) occurred during rapid elbow extension, even when the movement was completely blocked (prevented).
True
70
Which of the following is an invariant feature of generalized motor programs?
relative timing (rhythm)
71
Phonograph Analogy
-Record = Generalized Motor Program (pull motor program of shelf like a record)
Speed Control = Movement time parameter
Volume Control = amplitude parameter (like throwing a soft ball)
Speaker switch = effector parameter (indicate weather right or left arm throws)
72
Changing the speakers selected to play a song on a phonograph (stereo) system is analogous to changing the ___________________ parameter of a generalized motor program.
effector (muscle)
73
Ian Waterman's illness resulted in the permanent loss of his:
movement sensation from the neck down
-he lost M1, M2, and proprioceptive feedback
74
The "moving room" experiments demonstrated that _________________ dominate(s) all other sources of sensory feedback for maintaining upright posture.
vision
75
Average human simple RT is approximately:
200ms
76
According to the theory of generalized motor programs, a person uses the same generalized motor program to kick a ball with the left foot as he/she uses to kick a ball with the right foot.
True
77
Ian Waterman:
-is dependent on vision to be able to walk
-must plan his movements in advance in order to move safely
78
Which of the following observations has been interpreted by some movement scientists as evidence that walking and running are controlled by different generalized motor programs?
walking and running exhibit different relative timing (rhythm)
79
The _________________________________ theory was developed to address the ___________________ and ____________________ problems with the original notion of motor programs.
generalized motor program / novelty / storage
80
What affect does increasing the number of stimulus-response alternatives have on Reaction Time?
Causes Reaction time to increase (slow)
81
Types of anticipation
1. Spatial anticipation: you can prepare in advance, swimmer in a race jumps in and knows to swim, knowing what is going t happen/ what stimulus is going to be
-speeds up reaction time by deciding in advance what to do if you know what stimulus is supposed to be, skip response selection stage
2. Temporal anticipation: knowing when stimulus is going to be presented
-allows performer to being movement programming in advance of stimulus, skip stimulus identification and response selection stage
82
Reaction time (RT):
a) can be divided into motor and premotor RT
b) + movement time (MT) = response time
c) is a measure of the duration of information processing
d) can be reduced by accurate spatial anticipation
83
Which of the following actions would most likely involve the use of conscious feedback loops during the movement?
pouring a glass of milk
84
Arousal
level of excitement produced under stress
- complex task want low arousal, simple task want high arousal
85
The inverted-U hypothesis suggests that motor performance will be best when the level of arousal is at its highest
False
86
Types of Feedback information for Motor Control
Proprioception: info about body position relative to the body
exteroception: information about the external environment
Exproprioception: info about body position relative to environment
87
Which of the three types of sensory information for movement control can be supplied by vision?
proprioception, exteroception and exproprioception
88
According to Hick’s Law, what happens every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives doubles?
-the performer’s response selection stage of information processing gets slower
-the performer’s RT increases by a constant amount
Extra Notes:
-when uncertainty increases RT will increase by a predictable amount
89
A soccer goalie who always anticipates the direction/location of a penalty kick shot will be more successful at preventing goals than a goalie who never anticipates.
True
90
Cutaneous receptors
located in skin provide information about pain, pressure, and temp
91
Muscle Spindles
muscles spindles provide information about muscle length and the rate of change of length (stretch)
-can elicit excitatory response,
-involved in reflex arc
92
Golgi Tendon Organs
located at junction between muscle and tendon, provide info about tendon/muscle tension, can elicit an inhibitory response
93
Which source of sensory information provides information about acceleration of the head, as well as the head's position relative to the direction of gravity?
vestibular apparatus
94
In a conscious closed-loop control system, the _________________________ compute(s) the difference between the anticipated feedback and the actual feedback, which is called _________________________.
Comparator / error
95
What evidence is there that the motor skill of walking, in humans, is at least partially inherited?
human infants exhibit the stepping reflex
96
Of the following SOAs (stimulus onset asynchrony), which would result in the longest psychological refractory period?
75 ms
97
Movements completed in less than ____ ms are considered rapid and under open loop control
200ms
98
What characteristic of a human movement primarily determines the extent to which sensory feedback can be used to control the movement (during the movement)?
the movement time (speed)
99
The fact that chickens sometimes run around after their head has been cut off reveals that:
the central pattern generators (CPGs) that control chicken locomotion are located in the chicken’s spinal cord
100
Regarding the 'moving room' video viewed in class, why did the toddler fall down when the room’s walls and ceiling moved?
the toddler thought she was falling, and so she made an adjustment to remain upright - which caused her to lose her balance
101
Golgi tendon organs are sensitive to information about:
muscle/tendon tension
102
Reflexive Closed-loop Control
M1 - monosynaptic stretch reflex
-30-50ms
-spinal only (sends info to spinal cord and back to the muscle, never goes to brain which is why its so fast
M2 - polysynaptic stretch (aka long-loop reflex)
-50-80ms
-Brain involved (takes longer because it has to go to brain first before it turns around and goes back to muscle
-Triggered Reaction
-80-120 ms
-Brain is involved
-Wine glass effect
103
Which statement(s) about the monosynaptic (M1) and polysynaptic (M2) reflexes is(are) true?
M1 and M2 are unconscious
104
In an Olympic Games or World Championships 100 m sprint race, an athlete posting a RT lower than ___________ will be considered to have false started, and thus disqualified.
100ms
105
In what form are generalized motor programs thought to be stored in memory?
as invariant features
106
The _____________ is the part of the eye that actually detects (senses) the rays of light.
retina
107
Which of the following actions would most likely be controlled by an open-loop control system?
boxing punch
108
Types of Optic Flow
Global = the entire opic array changes, tells us you are moving
-global expansion is forward movement
Local= only a part of optic array changes, tells us something else in the environment is moving
- Global convergence your moving backward
-Expansion = outward flow
-Convergence = inward flow
-Detecting optic flow does not require attention (its unconscious)
Lamellar flow = parallel (moving laterally in environment
109
What type of optic flow indicates backwards self-movement?
global convergence
110
Stroop effect
conflict perceiving the color and the meaning of the word at the same time, so we are delayed
111
The Stroop effect provides evidence of __________________________ during the _____________________ stage of information processing.
parallel processing / stimulus identification
112
What source of sensory information detects the stimulus that elicits the knee-jerk reflex?
muscle spindles
113
Besides its ability to produce rapid movements, what is another advantage of using an open-loop control system for movement control?
open-loop systems don't require a lot of attention
114
The extent to which automatic processing will occur in the _____________________ stage of information processing is mostly a function of the amount and quality of practice a performer has had on the task.
response selection
115
As a ray of light enters the eye, at which part of the eye does it arrive last?
retina
116
Central pattern generators are said to be genetically defined. What does genetically defined mean?
CPGs are inherited and often functional at birth
117
Motor programs that control genetically-defined movement patterns like sucking and walking are called:
central pattern generators
118
The dynamical perspective of human motor control:
is based on the concept of self-organization
119
The triggered reaction known as the "wineglass effect" is elicited by stimulation of the:
cutaneous receptors
120
Which of the following contributes most to your ability to read and understand this question?
the ventral visual system
121
The case of Ian Waterman demonstrated that touch sensation and temperature sensation travel on different afferent (ascending) nerve pathways.
true
122
The principal theory that explains why variable practice results in better motor learning than constant practice does suggests that:
variable practice results in stronger schema development than constant practice
-extra note: variable practice has a stronger positive effect on children than adults
123
Bernstein’s stages of learning focused on how learners manage:
degrees of freedom
124
Absolute vs. Relative frequency
Absolute frequency: total number of feedback presentations given for a series of practice trials (20 trials, 10 followed by feedback, 10)
Relative frequency: percentage of practice trials receiving augmented feedback
relative and absolute should be high when starting then fade away (faded feedback)
125
In order to optimize motor learning, the relative frequency of augmented feedback in motor skill practice:
should be lower in the late fixation stage of learning than the cognitive stage of learning
126
One of the reasons a retention interval must be included in a transfer/retention design is to allow for any temporary effects of practice to dissipate (go away).
True
Extra notes:
-includes practice, retention interval, retention test
127
Which of the following is a well-established theory for why random practice produces better motor learning than blocked practice?
the elaboration hypothesis
128
Where do the processes called motor learning occur?
in the central nervous system
129
Augmented feedback should be provided to a learner instantaneously after a practice trial so she/he can quickly decide what to do differently on the next practice trial.
False
130
Attention during stages of information processing
Stimulus identification- parallel processing occurs
Response selection
-controlled processing: slow and serial (doing a task that requires decision making
-automatic processing: fast and parallel, not attention demanding
Movement programming: serial (we are planning the movement)
131
Which of the following is a recognized benefit of motor skill practice for a learner?
the learner experiences reduced demand for attention
132
Wadman et al. (1979) provided evidence that humans plan movements in advance in the form of a motor program. What measurement technology did the Wadman et al. (1979) experiment employ?
electromyography
133
Performance vs Learning Variable
Performance Variable: something that has relatively temporary effect on motor performance
Learning Variable: something that has a relatively permanent effect on motor performance
134
A motor performance variable is something that effects motor performance, but only during practice.
True
135
Which of the following statements most accurately describes how schemas are used by a performer to produce a novel variation of a well-learned motor skill?
The performer uses the schema to estimate the parameter values necessary to produce the novel variation
136
Which of the following statements describes an important way in which motor skill practice should change between the early cognitive stage and the late fixation stage of learning.
137
Which of the following is(are) an example of inherent (intrinsic) feedback?
when washing your hair, you continue to feel shampoo/suds and, therefore, keep rinsing
138
Mental Rehearsal Techniques
Mental Practice: performers think through/about cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill
Mental Imagery: performers imagine themselves performing a motor skill
139
Mental rehearsal:
includes a technique referred to as mental imagery
140
Types of practice
Blocked: all of trials of one task are done together, uninterrupted by practice of other tasks
Random: tasks being practiced are ordered randomly across trials
Constant Practice: performers rehearse only one variation of a given task
Variable: performers rehearse several variations of a given task
141
__________________________ is a very effective strategy for providing learners with an abundance of augmented feedback information, but without promoting dependency on augmented feedback.
Summary feedback
-strong positive learning variable
142
____________ is the idea that random practice requires the learner to solve a problem on most or all practice trials, whereas blocked practice does not.
The forgetting hypothesis
143
The interval of time after completion of a practice trial until augmented feedback is presented to the learner is called:
the feedback-delay interval
144
Motor learning is best evaluated by measuring motor performance during practice.
False
145
The research finding that random practice results in poorer practice performance compared to blocked practice, but that random practice results in better learning than blocked practice, is often referred to as:
the contextual inference effect
146
The Suzuki method of musical instrument instruction:
- utilizes the concept of a reference of correctness
-an awareness of how a movement should feel when it performed correctly
-was originally applied to teaching/learning the violin
147
A practice session involving 20 consecutive and identical trials of kicking a ball with the left foot, followed by 25 consecutive and identical trials of catching a ball with the right hand would be considered constant, blocked practice.
true
148
_____________________________ refers to giving learners ‘ownership’ over some of the components of practice.
Self-regulation
149
Seeing your basketball pass to a teammate land at their feet (because you didn’t pass the ball with enough force) would be classified as:
inherent feedback
150
Mass vs. Distributed Practice
Massed practice: a practice schedule in which the duration of rest between practice trials is relatively short
Distributed practice: a practice schedule in which the duration of rest between practice trials is relatively long
151
To optimize motor learning when practicing a fatiguing continuous task such as hurdling, _______________________ is recommended over ________________________.
distributed practice / massed practice
152
Properties of Augmented Feedback
-Motivational
-Informational
-about movement patterns and errors
-Descriptive (tell learner what they did), Prescriptive (tell learner how to fix it)
-Attention focusing
-Dependency producing
153
Which of the following functions of augmented feedback did Dr. Berg suggest is the most important positive property for producing motor learning?
informational properties
154
Primary Advantages of Simulation
-Safety
-Cost effectiveness
-Convenience
155
________________________ refers to the extent to which a simulator mimics the target skill (i.e., criterion task).
fidelity
156
Motor skill practice that produces moderate to severe physical fatigue:
157
Regarding a basketball player’s free throw percentage, a performance plateau occurring for several months at a 65% success rate would most likely be the result of a ceiling effect.
False
158
Which of the following motor tasks would benefit most from part practice?
a serial task with low component interaction, such as buttoning a dress shirt
159
________________________________ is the temporary worsening of motor performance brought about by the passage of time away from the task, and that is eliminated relatively quickly when the performer begins practicing again.
Warm-up decrement
160
The Shea and Morgan (1979) experiment was the first to show that summary feedback was a strong positive learning variable.
False
161
Fitts Stages of Motor Learning
1. Cognitive Stage: learner trying to figure out what to do? when blocked practice should be used
2. Fixation Stage: organize more effective movement patterns, when random practice should be used
3. Autonomous Stage: decreased attentional demand
162
Which of Fitts' stages of learning is associated with the attainment of the highest level of skilled performance?
autonomous stage
163
________________________ feedback specifically provides a learner with a strategy for correcting errors.
prescriptive
164
Patting the top of your head with one hand while simultaneously rubbing your tummy with the other hand can be difficult. This difficulty is the result of:
effector competition
165
Which of the following would typically be an appropriate instructional/practice strategy very early in the cognitive stage of motor learning?
physical guidance and program feedback
166
Presentation of Skill to learner techniques
-Instructions: verbal
-Demonstration: can result in observational learning
-Guidance: directing learner through task performance
-guidance is a strong positive performance variable, but a weak positive learning variable
167
observational learning results from which of the following skill presentation techniques?
demonstration
168
A complete novice learner should begin by using blocked practice rather than random practice.
True
169
Augmented feedback given to learners only when their error exceeds a certain tolerance/threshold level is called:
bandwidth feedback
170
The gain or loss of a person's skill level on one task as a result of practicing another task is called:
171
From the following list, select the combination of practice schedules that should result in the best motor learning if used simultaneously?
random and variable practice
172
Feedback during learning experience
Augmented (extrinsic): information about movement that is provided to the learner in addition to the information contained in inherent feedback
-KP: feedback about movement learner has just made (your approach was too fast)
-KR: time in a race
Inherent (intrinsic): sensory information that arises as a natural consequence of producing a movement
173
A video replay of a learner’s motor performance is considered ____________________, and should be accompanied by ______________________ to be most effective.
augmented feedback / cueing
174
A motor schema is a learned rule that defines the relationship between two variables. What are the two variables?
movement outcome and the parameters of generalized motor program
175
Regarding motor performance curves, what is always plotted on the Y (vertical) axis.
skill performance
Notes:
-performance plotted as a function of practice
-X axis time
176
A learner performs 120 practice trials in a practice session, and receives knowledge of performance (KP) after every 4th trial. What are the absolute and relative frequencies of augmented feedback in this practice session?
absolute = 30; relative = 25%
177
Physical guidance is a strong positive motor learning variable, but a weak positive motor performance variable.
False
178
Motor learning:
can occur with practice and inherent feedback alone (no augmented feedback)
179
Eadweard Muybridge:
proved that when a horse gallops, all four hooves lose contact with the ground at the same time
180
Types of anticipation
1. Spatial anticipation: you can prepare in advance, swimmer in a race jumps in and knows to swim, knowing what is going t happen/ what stimulus is going to be
-speeds up reaction time by deciding in advance what to do if you know what stimulus is supposed to be, skip response selection stage
2. Temporal anticipation: knowing when stimulus is going to be presented
-allows performer to being movement programming in advance of stimulus, skip stimulus identification and response selection stage
181
Ventral vs. Dorsal Stream
Ventral
- uses light that strikes fovea
- high clarity but needs lots of light
-primary job to identify things
-conscience, slow
Dorsal
-strikes entire retinal
-greater light sensitivity, less clarity
-tells us where stuff is
-unconscious fast
182
How are rapid movements thought to be coordinated?
Motor Program (pre program of movement)
183
Once a motor program is ready for execution, how are the details of the program communicated to the muscles?
As action potentials sent via the spinal cord and through the peripheral motor neurons
184
Precision of Feedback should.....
increase over the course of learning
185
Definition of Motor Learning
Set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent change in capability for skilled performance
186
Movement Deficit
deficiency in the mechanisms and or strategies for achieving a movement goal
187
Movement Disorder
Subsumed under movement deficits, one of 20 neurological conditions
-Most common: tremor, parkinson's disease, dystonia
188
Developmental coordination disorder(dyspraxia)
characterized by poor coordination and clumsiness
treated bia special programming inschool settings
189
Cerebral Palsy
-caused by harm to motor areas of brain before or during birth
-Spastic (stiff or weak muscles, muscle contacts) most common
-Ataxic (poor coordination, damage to cerebellum)
-present at birth
-no cure, not progressive
190
Spina Bifida
-Most common neural tube defect
-caused by a failure of the neural tube to encolse the spinal cord during the first month of pregnancy
-Characterized by trunk and leg paralysis
-Treated surgically
-Can reduce risk by taking folic acid
-day 23-27 is when spinal cord develops `
191
Muscular Dystrophy
- Caused by defects in muscle protein components, cause low muscle tone(hypotonia) and progressive muscle weakness
192
Iron lung
patients with paralysis of breathing muscles use ventilators, but they were used to treat polio
193
Huntington's Disease
Inherited disease cause by mutation in single gene, one of first genetic disorders for which accurate diagnostic test could be performed
-Symptoms
-Chorea: involuntary jerky movements
-Akinesia: difficulty initiating movment
-Bradykinesia: difficulty executing movements
-Rigidity: muscles always contracting
-Dimensia
194
Parkinsons
-disease of neuromuscular system
-strikes between ages of 50-65
-Symptoms
-tremor
-rigidity
-akinesia/ bradykinesia
-postural changes
-Causes: result from loss of dopanine secreting cells in substantia nigra region in basal ganglia, when dopamine in short supply neurons become hyperactive causing symptoms
Treatment medication
-L-dopa (dyskinesia wobbling is a side affect)
-Surgery Deep Brain stimulation: calms overactive neurons in globus pallidus or subthalamic nucleus
Paradoxical movmentL unexpectedly normal movements that occurs when people see a pattern on the floor, dorsal visual stream may play a role
195
Stem cells
Cells that can be transformed into specialized cells
-Somatic Adult Stem cells: multipotent (can turn into 2 or 3 cell types)
-Embryonic Stem Cells: in human embryo
pluripotent (can become any cell type in the body)
-Induced pluripotent Stem cells: IP stem cells are adult somatic cells that have been reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state
-does not involve destruction of embryos
-reduces possibility of tissue rejection if using own patients somatic cells
196
Stroke
Loss of brain function due to a disturbance in brain supply (second leading cause of death in U.S.)
Causes (types) of Stroke
1. Ischemic: blood supply to part of brain is interrupted due to blood clot (87%)
2. Hemorrhagic: a ruptured blood vessel causes bleeding, bleeding compresses surrounding tissue causing injury
Warning signs (all sudden): numbness or weakness in face, arm, or leg, trouble speaking, trouble seeing, trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance
197
Stroke related disability
Hemiparesis: weakness on one side of body
Hemiplegia: paralysis on one side of body
Aphasia: speech problems
Vision impairment
198
Stroke Recover
Structural adjustment (cortical reorganization): reorganizing cortex so brain can work, new synaptic connections formed within the brain
Constraint induced movement therapy: put child in cast/ force patient to use their weak hand to make new connections
