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Functional Anatomy > Kinesiology - Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Kinesiology - Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinematics?

A

Study of movement without regard to forces

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2
Q

What is rotational movement? What are the other two names for it?

A

Circular movement around an axis, same direction and speed and number of degrees

angular movement/ OSTEOKINEMATICS

think: where did the bone move?

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3
Q

What is translational movement? What are two other names for it and an example?

A

Linear motion parallel, same direction and speed as every point on the object

Transitional / ARTHROKINEMATICS

think: what’s happening at joint surface?

Ex: slide, glide

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4
Q

Angular or translational movement?

Elbow while raising glass to mouth

A

Angular

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5
Q

Angular or translational movement?

Point on top of one’s head while walking forward

A

Translational

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6
Q

Angular or translational movement?

Hip while kicking a ball

A

Angular

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7
Q

Describe the fundamental position.

A

Anatomical position but palms face sides of body

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8
Q

How many planes of motion are there? Name them.

A

3, sagittal, transverse, frontal

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9
Q

SAGITTAL PLANE

what does it divide the body into?
axis of rotation?
example?

A

unequal right and left
Medial / lateral
Flex, ext, pf, df
Elbow, hip, shoulder, ankle

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10
Q

FRONTAL PLANE

what does it divide the body into?
axis of rotation?
example?

A

Front and back
Anterior and posterior
abd, add, RD, UD
Wrist

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11
Q

TRANSVERSE PLANE

what does it divide the body into?
axis of rotation?
example?

A

Upper and lower
Vertical
IR, ER
Hip, shoulder, spine

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12
Q

What is the max number of degrees of freedom?

A

3

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13
Q

How many DOF for the shoulder?

A

3

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14
Q

How many DOF for elbow?

A

1
Sagittal

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15
Q

How many DOF for wrist?

A

2
Sagittal and frontal

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16
Q

Describe normal muscle action.

A

Distal segment moves on a fixed proximal segment

Leg extension

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17
Q

Describe reverse muscle action.

A

Proximal segment moves on a fixed distal segment

Squat

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18
Q

Is kicking (hip) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Normal

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19
Q

Is stepping up on a curb (knee) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Reverse

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20
Q

Is throwing (shoulder) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Normal

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21
Q

Is a push up (elbow) a normal or reverse muscle action?

A

Reverse

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22
Q

What is a closed kinematic chain?

A

When the distal segment is FIXED in a movement

Squat, push up

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23
Q

What is an open kinematic chain?

A

Distal segment is NOT FIXED during movement

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24
Q

What can limit angular motion?

A

Shape of joint surface
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Muscle bulk
Musculotendinous structures
Bony structures
Pain

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25
What are the two types of end feel?
Normal and abnormal
26
What are the three types of normal end feel? Describe.
Hard: bone impact against bone, elbow Soft: soft tissue approximation , forearm meets biceps Firm: firm but slightly yielding stop from stretch of capsules, ligaments, other connective tissues Capsular: slack in joint capsule is taken up Elastic: musculotendinous slack is taken up and rebound is felt
27
What is the type of abnormal end feel? Describe.
Empty: nothing stopping motion physically, just pain Wrong time or quality Ex: firm end feel in elbow when it should be hard
28
What is a close packed joint position? Describe its characteristics.
Joint surfaces with max congruency, ligaments and capsules are taught Best stability, resistant to distraction forces, limited accessory motion (no joint mobs) Ex: knee in full extension
29
What is an open packed joint position? What is another name for it? Describe characteristics.
Joint surfaces with most freedoms of movement, ligaments and capsules slackened Aka loose or resting position Increased translatoric movement, less compressive forces within joint, max movement of synovial fluid Least tension on support structure
30
What is arthrokinematics? Types? How does it occur?
Motions between Articular surfaces Roll, glide, spin Involuntary, occur due to muscle contraction, restored with joint mobs
31
Describe roll in terms of arthrokinematics.
New equidistant points come into contact with new equidistant points of other surface Ex: tires on pavement
32
Describe glide in terms of arthrokinematics.
Same point contacts new points on other surface Ex: like sliding on ice
33
Describe spin in terms of arthrokinematics.
Single points rotating on a single point of the other surface Ex: spinning a coin
34
What is the concave / convex arthrokinematic rule?
When concave moves on a fixed convex surface, roll and glide in SAME direction When convex moves on fixed concave surface, roll and slide are OPPOSITE directions
35
Describe these terms: Distraction Approximation
Distraction: joint surface separation (traction) Approximation: joint surface compression (test pain)
36
What is kinetics? Describe the idea of internal and external forces.
Movement with regard to forces Int: self contraction Ext: outside force
37
Name the types of forces possible on musculoskeletal tissue.
Tension Shear Bend Compression Torsion Combined loading
38
Describe the areas of the stress strain curve, including which is optimal
A: slight stretch and minimal tension B: elastic zone, linear relationship C: OPTIMAL, plastic zone: minimal increase in tension, micro failure and permanent tissue deformation D: initial failure E: complete failure
39
Define the following terms: Viscoelastic Creep Stress relaxation
Viscoelastic: stress strain tissues affected by time Creep: progressive strain with constant load over time, increases with an increase in temperature Stress relaxation: decrease in stress over time after sudden strain that is maintained
40
Name and describe the types of muscle activation.
Concentric: muscle shortens, attachments move closer, move against gravity, acceleration motion Eccentric: muscle elongates, attachments move farther, move with gravity, deceleration motion Isometric: muscle maintains constant length
41
Describe the following muscle terms: Agonist Antagonist Co-contraction Synergist Force-couple
Agonist: Muscle responsible for the motion Antagonist: doing opposite of agonist Co-contraction: simultaneous agonist and antagonist contraction Synergist: muscles work together to produce motion Force-couple: 2 muscles creating forces in two different linear directions with torques in the same rotational direction Ex: ppt, glutes and abs
42
Describe active and passive tension.
Active tension: active contraction Increase by: increase number of motor units, motor units with more muscle fibers, inc. cross bridge formation, muscles with larger cross section; volitional Passive tension: resistance from connective tissues with stretch; non volitional
43
When does a muscle have maximal formed crossbridges and tensions?
Midpoint Full contraction or lengthened, tension decreases
44
Describe tenodesis
Tendon action of a muscle Ex: flex wrist, fingers will extend
45
Describe passive insufficiency.
Muscle crosses multiple joints, length my not allow full ROM, occurs in antagonist MUST CROSS 2+ JOINTS
46
Describe active insufficiency?
Decreased ability to produce or maintain tension, occurs in agonist When muscle has been excessively shortened or elongated to no cross bridge formation Occur in 1+ muscle Involves contraction - cannot go any more
47
Describe mechanical advantage.
Ratio of internal movement arm to external movement arm > 1 = good MA < 1 = poor MA
48
Give the common name, and describe the type of joint, the movement, as well as contents. Give examples. SYNARTHROSIS
Fibrous joints Bones joined by dense connective tissue Negligible movement No joint cavity Suture, syndesmosis
49
Give the common name, and describe the type of joint, the movement, as well as contents. Give examples. AMPHIARTHROSES
Cartilaginous joints Bones joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage Restrained movement No joint cavity Interpubic and intervertebral
50
Give the common name, and describe the type of joint, the movement, as well as contents. Give examples. DIARTHROSES
Synovial joints Contains synovial fluid filled cavity including: Articular cartilage, synovial fluid, capsule, synovial membrane, capsular ligaments, nerve, vessels Extensive movement Hinge, plane, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket, pivot
51
What is Articular cartilage made of? Does it contain nerves and vessels? What is its purpose?
Specialized hyaline cartilage, with type II cartilage No nerves or vessels, is nourished by diffusion of synovial fluid Covers weight bearing surfaces, shock absorber, friction reduction
52
What fibers are in fibrocartilage? What does it do?
Type I collagen, more stable Forms IV discs, labrum, menisci, support and stabilize joints, dissipate compressive forces
53
What makes up ligaments? What does a ligament attach? What is the purpose of a ligament?
Dense irregular connective tissue with low elastin fibers Bone to bone Reinforce joint and control motion
54
What is a tendon made of? What does it attach? What is its purpose?
Type II collagen and elastin Muscle to bone Parallel arranged to handle tensile force
55
What is the labrum made of? What is its purpose?
Fibrocartilage Inc. depth of Articular surface, improve joint stability
56
What are bursae? What is its purpose?
Sacs of synovial fluid Reduce friction
57
What is the purpose of fat pads?
Fill recesses from incongruent joints
58
What are the uniaxial joints?
Hinge Pivot
59
What are the biaxial joints?
Condyloid Saddle
60
What are the triaxial joints?
Plane Ball and socket

Functional Anatomy (4 decks)

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