Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Kingdom Animalia > Flashcards

Kingdom Animalia Flashcards

1
Q

Possible solutions for exchange in animals

A
  1. Body size and shape that keeps all cells in constant contact with environment
    - Each cell can exchange materials directly (ex. Cnidarians and platyhelmenthes)
  2. Circulatory system that moves fluid between each cell’s immediate surroundings and tissues where exchange with environment occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cnidarians gastrovascular cavity

A
  • Distributes substances throughout the body and for digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A
  • Fluid bathes both inner and outer tissue layers

- Body wall only ~2 cells thick so substances can diffuse to all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which animals use gastrovacular circulatory systems?

A
  • Cnidarians
  • Planarians
  • Most flatworms (Platyhelmenthes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 Components to a circulatory system

A
  1. Circulatory fluid
  2. Interconnecting vessels
  3. Muscular pump (heart)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Differences between open and closed circulatory systems

A

Open:

  • Circulatory fluid bathes organs directly
  • Circulatory fluid is called the hemolymph
  • Present in arthropods and molluscs (except octopus and squid)

Closed:

  • Circulatory fluid confined in vessels
  • Circulatory fluid is called the blood
  • Present in annelids, all vertebrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Characteristics of cardiovascular systems

A
  • Blood flows in one way

- 3 vessel types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 vessel types in the cardiovascular system and what are their functions?

A
  1. Arteries
    - Carry blood away from heart
  2. Veins
    - Carry blood back to heart
  3. Capillaries
    - Microscopic vessels with thin porous walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characteristics of circulatory systems in fishes

A

2 chambered heart with:

  • Atrium
  • Ventricle
  • Blood collects in atrium, then enters ventricle

Single circuit
- Blood passes through heart once in each complete circuit

  • Ventricle contracts –> Blood travels in arteries to gills
  • In gills: O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 leaves
  • Oxygen-rich blood circulates through body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Disadvantages of fishes’ circulatory systems

A
  • Blood pressure in rest of body drops as body passes through capillaries
  • Heart relies on deoxygenated blood
  • Less efficient, but metabolic needs not particularly high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amphibians’ circulatory system

A

3 chambered heart
(2 atria and 1 ventricle)
- Right atria collects blood from from
- Left atria collects blood from respiratory surface
- Lest and right atria empty into ventricle
- A ridge separates blood arriving from both atria

  • Double circuit
  • Pulmocutaneous and systemic circuits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

General principles of respiratory systems

A
  • Gas exchange

- Partial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gas exchange in respiratory systems

A
  • Uptake of O2 from environment
  • Discharge of CO2
  • Cells that carry out gas exchanges must be in contact with aqueous solutions
  • Respiratory surfaces are large and thin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Partial pressure in respiratory systems

A
  • Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
  • Partial pressures will tend to equalize (gases go from higher to lower pressure)
  • Concentrations may not be the same because oxygen is less soluble in water than in air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which classes can breathe through diffusion?

A
  • Sponges
  • Cnidarians
  • Flatworms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the respiratory organ for earthworms and amphibians?

A

Skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the organs used for gas exchanges?

A
  • Gills
  • Tracheae
  • Lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Characteristics of gills

A
  • Outfoldings of body surfaces suspended in water

- Not appropriate for land (Would collapse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ventilation

A

Process of moving respiratory medium over respiratory surface

Present in most animals with gills

Fishes have countercurrent exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Counter-current exchange

A
  • Maintains gradient down which O2 diffuses from water to blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Characteristics of tracheal systems

A
  • For insects
  • Made up of air tubes that branch throughout the body
  • Spiracles
  • Largest tubes are called the tracheae that open to outside
  • Diffusion
  • Some insects ventilate by compressing muscles (flight)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Characteristics of lungs

A
  • Localized respiratory organs
  • Not in direct contact with other parts of the body
  • Gap bridged by circulatory system, transporting gases between lungs and rest of body
  • Evolved in animals with open circulatory systems and closed
  • Mammals, resptiles and birds rely on lungs alone for gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do amphibians do gas exchange?

A

Positive pressure breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do birds breathes?

A

No mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How do mammals breathe

A

Mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen poor blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Pharynx

A

Paths for air and food cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Trachea

A
  • Rings of cartilage keep this open
  • Branches into 2 bronchi –> each leading to a lung
  • Bronchi branch into bronchioles (smaller tubes)
  • At the tips, there are alveoli (air sacs where gas exchange occurs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Negative breathing pressure

A

Pulling air into lungs

  • Thoracic cavity area increases to breath in air
  • Muscles relax to breath out (thoracic cavity area decreases)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Stages of food processing

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ingestion

A

Act of eating

31
Q

Digestion

A
  • Food broken down into molecules small enough for body to absorb
  • Mechanical: chewing
  • Chemical: enzymes for hydrolysis
32
Q

Absorption

A

Cells absorb small molecules like amino acids and simple sugars

33
Q

Elimination

A

Undigested material leaves digestive system

34
Q

Intracellular Digestive system

A

Food vacuoles

  • Organelles in which hydrolytic enzymes break down food
  • Cells must first engulf solid
  • Sponges do this
35
Q

Extracellular digestive system

A
  • Digestive organs and systems
  • Hydrolysis of food starts in compartments continuous with outside of animal’s body
  • Most animals do this
36
Q

Which animals have a gastrovascular cavity?

What are its functions?

A
  • Animals with simple body plans who have only one opening
  • ex. Hydras, flatworms

Food comes in and the waste goes out of the same hole

Functions:

  • Digestion
  • Distribution of nutrients throughout the body
37
Q

Complete digestive tract

A
  • Tube extending between 2 openings
  • Food travels in one direction
  • Specialization of different segements
38
Q

Gastric cecae

A

Pouches for digestion and absorption

39
Q

Digestive system in mammals

A
  • Alimentary canal
  • Accessory glands that secrete digestive juices (3 pairs of salivary glands, Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder)
  • Mouth (Mechanical digestion by teeth; salivary glands secrete saliva for chemical digestion)
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus (connects to the stomach
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
40
Q

In mammals:

Functions of Pharynx

A

Epiglottis covers glottis to prevent food from entering larynx; food is directed into esophagus

41
Q

In mammals:

Functions of Stomach

A
  • Stores food
  • Starts digestion of proteins
  • Secretes gastric juice
42
Q

In mammals:

Functions of small intestine

A
  • Most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs here
  • First 25cm is duodenum (food mixed with digestive juices)
  • More secretion of enzymes
  • Absorption (microvilli)
43
Q

In mammals:

Functions of large intestine

A
  • Includes colon, caecum, and rectum
  • Caecum is important for digesting plant material
  • Colon reabsorbs water
  • Rectum stores feces until elimination out of anus
44
Q

Osmoregulation

A
  • Present in birds and reptiles
  • Processes by which animals control solute concentrations and balance water gain and loss
  • Mostly in arid and marine environments where animals need to conserve water
45
Q

Excretion

A

Process of getting rid of nitrogenous waste and other metabolic waste

  • Freshwater animals may need to eliminate excess water
  • Breaking down proteins and nucleic acids create nitrogenous waste and produces ammonia
46
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane
47
Q

Isoosmotic

A
  • 2 solutions have the same osomlarity
48
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

The solution with the greater concentration of solutes

49
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

Solution with lower concentration

50
Q

How do marine water get rid of water?

A

By osmosis

  • Some fish drink lots of water to balance the loss and use their gills and kidneys to get rid of the excess salt
51
Q

What problems do freshwater animals face regarding salt concentration?

A
  • Gain water by osmosis and lose salt by diffusion

In order to keep a good salt concentration some:

  • Drink almost no water
  • Excrete lots of very dilute urine
  • Eats salty food
52
Q

What risks do land animals face in regards to water levels?

A

Land animals risk dehydration

In order to prevent that:

  • Waxy cuticle helps land plants stay hydrated
  • Insect exoskeletons, shells of land snails, layers of dead, keratinized skin all prevent dehydration
  • Nocturnal behaviour (avoid contact with sun to not get hot and sweat)
53
Q

What nitrogenous waste are produced by animals?

A
  • Ammonia
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
54
Q

Ammonia

A
  • Toxic
  • Requires a lot of water to dilute it
  • Produced by freshwater animals
55
Q

Urea

A
  • Low toxicity
  • Less water lost
  • Animals must use energy to produce it

Produced by:

  • Mammals
  • Adult amphibians
  • Sharks
  • Marine bony fishes
  • Turtles
56
Q

Uric acid

A
  • Nontoxic
  • Excreted as paste to conserve water
  • Need more energy to produce uric acid than urea

Produced by:

  • Snails
  • Insects
  • Reptiles
  • Birds (waste is mixture of uric acid and feces)
57
Q

Filtration

A
  • Blood or hemolymph brought into contact with selectively permeable membrane that acts as filter
  • Water and small solutes (salts, sugars, amino acids, nitrogenous waste) cross filter, becoming filtrate
58
Q

Reabsorption

A
  • Recovery of useful molecules and water filtrate
59
Q

Secretion

A
  • Nonessential solutes and wastes are left in filtrate

- More may be added to filtrate

60
Q

Protonephridia

A

Platyhelmenthes

61
Q

Metanephridia

A

Annelida

62
Q

Malpighian tubules

A
  • In terrestrial arthropods
  • Openings in digestive tract lead to dead-end tips immersed in hemolymph
  • Solutes secreted from hemolymph into tubules
  • Water follows
  • Fluid passes into rectum where water is reabsorbed
63
Q

What organ functions in osmoregulation and excretion?

A

Kidney

  • Tubules closely associated with capillary network
64
Q

What does the length of the loop of Henle affect?

A

The amount of water that is retained

65
Q

How are marine fish kidneys adapted?

A

They are adapted to get rid of excess salt

66
Q

What do freshwater fishes and amphibians excrete?

A

Lots of dilute urine

67
Q

Nephron

A

The functional unit in the excretory system

68
Q

How does water and some solute (filtrate) get into Bowman’s capsule?

A

With blood pressure

69
Q

Glomerulus

A

Ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule

70
Q

Where/When does the reabsorption of water, ions, nutrients occur?

A

when the filtrate enters the proximal tubule

71
Q

What happens in desecending limb of the loop of Henle?

A
  • Reabsorption of water by osmosis

- No channels for ion transport

72
Q

What happens in ascending limb of loop of Henle?

A
  • Ion channels but no water channels

- Salt diffuses out

73
Q

Distal tubule

A
  • Reulates K+ secreted into filtrate and NaCl reabsorbed from filtrate
74
Q

Collecting duct

A

Filtrate collected from many nephrons

Biology 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions