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anatomy > knee > Flashcards

knee Flashcards

1
Q

what is the knee joint?

A
  • synovial joint
  • connects femur, tibia and fibula
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2
Q

what are the functions of the knee?

A
  • supports body weight
  • transmits force to provide movement
  • stability
  • mobility
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3
Q

what movement occurs at the knee and their angles

A

flexion (140) extension (0) medial (25) and lateral (40) rotation

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4
Q

what is the joint between femur and tibia?

A

tibiofemoral

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5
Q

describe tibiofemoral joint

A

synovial bicondylar joint between femoral condyles and tibia

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6
Q

what movement is allowed in tibiofemoral joint?

A
  • movement in two planes around two axes as bi- axial
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7
Q

where are the femoral condyles and describe appearance

A
  • distal end of femur
  • covered in hyaline cartilage
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8
Q

what condyle is longer? what shapes are they?

A
  • lateral profile longer than medial
  • convex so like a circle
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9
Q

where are the tibia condyles found?

A
  • proximal end of tibia
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10
Q

what are the tibia condyles covered by?

A
  • cartilage layer
  • menisci
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11
Q

describe medial surface of tibia condoyle

A
  • large
  • oval
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12
Q

describe lateral surface of tibia condyle

A
  • smaller
  • circular
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13
Q

what are menisci?

A
  • fibrocartilage discs
  • semi lunar
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14
Q

what are the four functions of knee menisci

A
  • increases congruency between articular surfaces
  • absorbs shock
  • assists weight bearing across joint (transfers/ absorbs)
  • facilitates accessory movements
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15
Q

what is the medial collateral ligament?

A

extra-capsular ligament that is a broad flat band,10cm long

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16
Q

where does medial collateral ligament originate and insert?

A

origin= medial epicondyle of femur
insert= tibia condyle

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17
Q

what does medial collateral ligament prevent?

A
  • valgus displacement, whereby knee knock position= adduction of a joint that doesn’t usually adduct
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18
Q

what is lateral collateral ligament?

A

extra capsular, strong short thin cord

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19
Q

what is lateral collateral ligament origin and insertion?

A

origin= lateral epicondyle of femur
insert= head of fibula

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20
Q

what does the lateral collateral ligament prevent?

A

varus displacement= bow legged action; adduction when not meant to

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21
Q

what is the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

intracapsular ligament that crosses over and splits into two bundles

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22
Q

where does anterior cruciate ligament originate and insert?

A

origin= posteromedial surface of lateral femoral condyle
insert= anterolateral tibial spine

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23
Q

what does anterior cruciate prevent?

A

anterior tibial displacement whereby tibia moves forwards onto femur

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24
Q

what is the posterior cruciate ligament ?

A

intracapsular ligament that splits into two bundles

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25
Q

what is the origin and insertion of posterior cruciate ligament?

A

origin= anterolateral surface of medial femoral condyle
insert= posterior intercondylar area

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26
Q

what does posterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

posterior tibial displacement where something strikes front of knee and pushes tibia back

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27
Q

what is the name of the joint between patella and femur?

A

patellofemoral

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28
Q

what type of joint is patellofemoral?

A
  • synovial saddle as both have concave and convex parts
29
Q

what bone is the patella?

A

largest sesamoid bone in body
- bone embedded in quadriceps tendon

30
Q

describe the patellar surface of femur

A
  • cartilage covered surface
  • groove articulates with a ridge on patellar surface
31
Q

what are the functions of patella?

A
  • reduces friction between quadriceps tendon and femoral condyles (less damage)
  • anatomic pulley as quadriceps can pull round corner to pull tibia and extend the knee
32
Q

what is the shape and colour of patella?

A
  • oval shaped
  • shiny due to hyaline cartilage
33
Q

what separates medial and lateral areas ?
- what is up and down sections?
- what is superior to inferior?

A

vertical ridge; convex= up/ down
concave= superior to inferior

34
Q

what area is larger?

A

lateral area

35
Q

where is quadriceps tendon?

A
  • on top of patella
36
Q

where is patella tendon and where does it insert?

A
  • below patella
  • inserts into tibial tuberosity and allows insertion of thigh muscles
37
Q

what is the patella tendon continuous with?

A
  • quadricep femoris tendon
38
Q

what occurs during close packed position? give some properties

A
  • extension as patella moves up proximally
  • no rotation allowed
  • stable and congruent due to maximum contact
  • ligaments become taut
39
Q

what does loose packed position allow?

A
  • flexion as patella moves distally on femur
  • allows some rotation
40
Q

what is a joint capsule?

A

fibrous bag made of dense irregular connective tissue that holds synovial fluid

41
Q

what is the capsule reinforced by?

A
  • number or ligaments and tendons e.g. collateral ligaments, expansions coming off quadriceps
42
Q

why is the knee classed as incomplete? what is it plugged by?

A
  • hole at the front
  • plugged by patella and patella tendon
43
Q

what are bursaes?

A

fluid filled sacs to reduce friction e.g. skin doesn’t rub on patella

44
Q

what does pes anserinus bursa stop?

A
  • medial collateral ligament rubbing on three tendons
45
Q

what bursa is above patella and under quad femoris tendon?

A

-suprapatellar

46
Q

what bursa sits on top of patella?

A

prepatellar

47
Q

what bursa sits underneath patella tendon ?

A

intrapatellar

48
Q

what is the knee locking mechanism?

A
  • femur rotates to complete movement i.e. in last 30 degrees of full extension femur medially rotates
49
Q

why does the knee locking mechanism occur?

A
  • inequality of articular surface of femur condyles
50
Q

what happens during extension?

A
  • tibia rolls posteriorly, elongates PCL and its pull on tibia causes it to glide anterior
51
Q

what happens during extension?

A
  • tibia rolls anteriorly, elongates ACL and its pull so tibia glides posteriorly
52
Q

what occurs in unlocking?

A
  • lateral rotation of femur
  • use of popliteus (back of knee)
53
Q

what is passive insufficiency?

A

muscle lengthened but limited movement at one/ more joints it crosses

54
Q

what is active insufficiency?

A

decreased tension and inability to generate force in multi- joint muscle when in shortened position as no binding sites free

55
Q

where do knee flexors sit?

A
  • posterior
56
Q

where do knee extensors sit?

A
  • anterior
  • above knee
57
Q

origin, insertion and action of gastrocnemius

A

o- femoral condyles
I- posterior calcaneus
A- flexion
lateral head goes to lateral condyle whereas medial head starts at medial condyle

58
Q

origin, insertion and action of biceps femoris

A

o- short head= Linea aspera; long= medial ischial tuberosity
I- fibula head
a- flexor and lateral rotator

59
Q

origin, insertion and action of sartorius

A

o -anterior superior iliac spine (ilium)
I= pes anserinus
a= flexor and medial rotator

60
Q

origin, insertion and action of rectus femoris

A

o- (long) anterior superior iliac spine (short) groove above acetabulum
I= patella
a= extensor

61
Q

origin, insertion and action of vastus lateralis

A

o= greater trochanter
I= tendon of rectus femoris and patella
A= extensor

62
Q

Insertion, origin and action of vastus medialis

A

I= medial line of Linea aspera and medial supracondylar line
I= medial patella
A= extensor

63
Q

Origin, insertion and action of vastus intermedius

A

O= upper anterior and lateral surface of femur
I= rectus femoris tendon and base of patella
A= extensor

64
Q

Origin, insertion and action of tensor fascia Lata

A

O= lateral anterior iliac crest
I = iliotibial band
A= extensor; stabilises knee

65
Q

Origin, insertion and action of semitendinosus

A

o= lower ischial tuberosity
I= pes anserinus
a= medial rotator

66
Q

Origin, insertion and action of semimembranosus

A

o= upper ischial tuberosity
I= medial tibial condyle
A= medial rotation

67
Q

Origin, insertion and action of gracilis

A

o= inferior pubic ramus
I= pes anserinus
A= medial rotation

68
Q

Origin, insertion and action of popliteus

A

o= lateral femoral condyle
I=posterior tibia
A= medial rotation

69
Q

what are the functions of popliteus ?

A
  • pulls lateral meniscus backwards to stop it getting trapped in flexion
    -allows accessory movements; stability in joint capsule

anatomy (17 decks)

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