Knee

Question 1

Name the 3 joints at the KNEE JOINT

Answer 1

Tibio-Femoral Joint
Patellofemoral Joint
Superior Tibio-Fibular Joint

Question 2

What type of joint is the Tibiofemoral Joint?

Answer 2

Synovial Bicondylar Modified Hinge Joint

Question 3

Where is the Tibiofemoral Joint Line?

Answer 3

The Tibiofemoral joint line is a horizontal line that bisects midway between the apex of the patella and the tibial tuberosity.

Question 4

What are the articular surfaces of the TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT ?

Answer 4

Femoral Condyle
Tibial Condyle

Question 5

What type of joint is the Patellofemoral Joint?

Answer 5

Synovial Saddle Joint

Question 6

Where is the Patellofemoral Joint line?

Answer 6

The Patellofemoral joint line is along the anterior surface of the patella.

Question 7

What are the articular surfaces of the Patellofemoral joint?

Answer 7

Patella
Femoral Head

Question 8

What type of joint is the Superior Tibio-Fibular Joint?

Answer 8

Synovial Plane Joint

Question 9

Where is the Superior Tibio-fibular joint line?

Answer 9

The Superior Tibio-fibular joint line runs inferiomedially from the APEX of the fibular head.

Question 10

What are the articular surfaces of the Superior Tibiofibular Joint ?

Answer 10

Head of Fibula
Tibial Lateral Condyle

Question 11

What are the ligaments of the Superior Tibiofibular Joint?

Answer 11

Anterior Ligament of Fibular Head
Posterior Ligament of Fibular Head

Question 12

What are the main ligaments of the KNEE?

Answer 12

ACL - Anterior Cruciate Ligament
PCL - Posterior Cruciate Ligament
MCL - Medial Collateral Ligament
LCL - Lateral Collateral Ligament

Question 13

Describe the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

Answer 13

The ACL is situated at the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia

The ACL runs posteriorly, laterally and superiorly

Question 14

Describe the Posterior Cruciate ligament (PCL)

Answer 14

The PCL is located at the posterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia

The PCL runs anteriorly, medially and superiorly

Question 15

Describe the Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Answer 15

The MCL is a broad, flat ligament
The MCL is fan shaped
The MCL is approximately 10 cm long
The MCL is attached to the medial epicondyle of femur

Question 16

Describe the LATERAL COLLATERAL ligament

Answer 16

The LCL is a strong rounded cord

The LCL’s PROXIMAL attachment is the lateral femoral epicondyle

The LCL’s DISTAL attachment is the apex of the head of Fibula

Question 17

Describe the articular surfaces of the proximal tibia (Tibial Articular Surface)

Answer 17

The articular surface of the Proximal Tibia is:
Concave centrally
Flatter Peripherally
Covered with semi-lunar cartilages

Medial Tibial Condyle projects further antero-posteriorly to accommodate the femoral Condyle
Covered in articular cartilage

Question 18

Describe the articular surfaces of the distal femur (Femoral Articular Surface)

Answer 18

The articular surface of the Distal Femur is:

Convex antero-posteriorly and medio-laterally
Lateral Condyle is shorter and wider
Medial Condyle projects more distally
Lateral Condyle projects more anteriorly
Covered in articular cartilage

Question 19

Describe the Medial Meniscus

Answer 19

Medial Meniscus:
‘C’ shaped

The Medial Meniscus has 2 Horns
Anterior Horn: intercondylar area + ACL, transverse and coronary ligaments

Posterior Horn: PCL + posterior horn of lateral meniscus, Blends with capsule & medial collateral ligament

Medial Meniscus is narrower and thinner

Medial meniscus is less mobile and more easily damaged

Question 20

Describe the Lateral Meniscus

Answer 20

The Lateral Meniscus is:

‘O’ shaped

It has 2 horns:
Anterior Horn - anterior intercondylar eminence posterior to ACL

Posterior Horn - Posterior intercondylar area, anterior to posterior horn of medial meniscus

Question 21

What are the functions of the Mensicus?

Answer 21

The functions of the Meniscus are:

Enhances Tibio-femoral joint stability by deepening tibial anterior surface.
Acts as shock absorbers
Conforms to changing shape of femoral condyles during knee movement

NB:
Outer borders thick and vascular
Inner borders thin and vascular

Question 22

Name the PRIME MOVER and list the muscles involved in the movement: KNEE FLEXION

Answer 22

PRIME MOVER: Hamstrings
Bicep Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartoruis
Popliteus
Gastrocnemuis

Question 23

Name the PRIME MOVER and list the muscles involved in the movement: KNEE EXTENSION

Answer 23

PRIME MOVER: Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Lateralis

Question 24

Name the PRIME MOVER and list the muscles involved in the movement: KNEE INTERNAL ROTATION

Answer 24

PRIME MOVER: Medial Rotators (of tibia on femur)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartoruis
Popliteus

Question 25

Name the PRIME MOVER and list the muscles involved in the movement: KNEE EXTERNAL ROTATION

Answer 25

PRIME MOVER: Lateral Rotators (of tibia on femur)
Bicep Femoris

Question 26

What is the NERVE SUPPLY at the KNEE during movement?

Answer 26

FLEXION - Sciatic & Tibial
EXTENSION - Femoral
INTERNAL ROTATION - Sciatic & Tibial
EXTERNAL ROTATION - Sciatic

Question 27

What are the limitations (limiting factors) to movement at the KNEE JOINT?

Answer 27

Soft tissue apposition
Tension in antagonists
Ligaments (Extension fo the KNEE)

Question 28

What is the ROM during KNEE FLEXION?

Answer 28

135 degrees

Question 29

What is the ROM during KNEE EXTENSION?

Answer 29

0 degrees
(- 5) degrees - HYPEREXTENSION

Question 30

What is the ROM during KNEE INTERNAL ROTATION ? (during 90 degrees flexion)

Answer 30

20 - 30 degrees

Question 31

What is the ROM during KNEE EXTERNAL ROTATION ?
(in 90 degree flexion)

Answer 31

30 - 40 degrees