Do endotoxins have local & specific effects?
Answer: No! Know that endotoxins have a general systemic effect: these effects include fever, DIC, hemorrhage (not local or specific effects!).
A dog has mange. What is a likely secondary skin infection?
Answer: A dog with mange (caused by Demodex canis, for example) can develop a secondary Staphylococcus infection. The Staphylococcus infection is an opportunistic infection to the mange. Bacteria that cause pus are called suppurative, pyogenic, or purulent, & include Staphylococcus. Pyoderma means any skin disease that is pyogenic.
What causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs?
Answer: Staphylococcus causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs.
What causes “Strangles” in animals?
Answer: Streptococcus causes “Strangles”, a disease that is not confined to horses!
What is uniquely difficult about treating Enterococcus?
Answer: Enterococcus causes diarrhea & is frequently multi-drug resistant! (VRE = vancomycin resistant enterococci).
What causes caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis?
Corynebacterium (pseudotuberculosis or renale group) is associated with caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis (aka, kidney infection).
What is a cause of endocarditis in dogs?
Answer: Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs
What causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs?
Answer: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs.
An animal with head tilt may be suffering from what pathogen?
Answer: Listeria can present as a frank infection that includes diarrhea (many of these cases are written off as something else), & then a minority of Listeria cases show neurological signs with a head tilt, ears down, & eyes half open.
What causes foal pneumonia with a case fatality rate as high as 50%?
Rhodococcus causes foal pneumonia, & has a case fatality rate as high as 50%!
What causes “limberneck” in birds?
Answer: Clostridial infections can be either histo-toxic or neuro-toxic; “limberneck” occurs in birds that consume fish that have botulism toxin in them (& is therefore neuro-toxic).
What causes “Lumpy Jaw”?
Answer: Actinomyces can cause “lumpy jaw” in cattle. Actinomycosis or “lumpy jaw” produces immovable hard swellings on the upper & lower jawbones of cattle, commonly at the central molar level. It is caused by an anaerobic micro-organism, Actinomyces bovis.
What causes “rain rot”?
Answer: Dermatophilus is associated with “rain scald”, “lumpy wool”, & strawberry foot rot.
If a human is bitten by a cat, what is the most likely infection that can follow in the bit human
Pasteurella multocida is in the oral cavities of cats (& dogs), & can get passed onto (& into!) humans in the form of a bite; Pasteurella multocida causes wound infection.
What is the causative bacterial agent of “Shipping Fever”?
Answer: Mannheimia is part of the Pasteurellaceae Family & is the causative agent of “Shipping Fever”. Enzootic pneumonia of calves refers to infectious respiratory disease in calves. Enzootic pneumonia is primarily a problem in calves less than 6 months of age with peak occurrence from 2-10 weeks of age, but “Shipping Fever” may be seen in calves up to 1 year of age.
What causes atrophic rhinitis
Pasteurella is associated with atrophic rhinitis. Atrophic rhinitis (atrophy means to waste away) is a widespread & economically important swine disease caused by Pasteurella multocida & Bordetella bronchiseptica.
What is the causative agent of “Snuffles” in rabbits?
Answer: Pasteurella is associated with “Snuffles” in rabbits. “Snuffles” is a general term describing a group of upper respiratory signs in rabbits. While there can be different causes of these infections, the most common & generally accepted cause of “Snuffles” is infection with Pasteurella multocida.
What can cause cystitis is dogs?
Answer: Haemophilus is associated with cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) in dogs
A cow is found to have TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis); what is a likely bacterial cause?
Histophilus is associated with TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis); Histophilus is also associated with pneumonia & septicemia.
What causes “Kennel cough”?
Answer: Bordetella bronchiseptica is the causative agent of “Kennel cough”; it can also cause atrophic rhinitis when in combination with Pasteurella multocida.
What causes “pink eye” in cattle?
Answer: Moraxella causes “pink eye” in cattle (keratoconjunctivitis), & also corneal ulcers
Would Moraxella be likely to cause hematuria?
Answer: No! Moraxella is associated with “pink eye” in cattle; however, histo-toxic Clostridium is associated with “red water” (hemoglobinuria)
What species of animal would most likely be vaccinated for Moraxella?
Answer: Cattle; Moraxella is a cattle problem; IgA is needed to kill Moraxella since it’s on the mucosa of the eye.
What does Taylorella cause?
Answer: Taylorella is the causative agent of CEM (contagious equine metritis), which is purulent endometritis.
What can cause discospondylitis (a form of osteomyelitis) in dogs?
Answer: Brucella canis; discospondylitis is an infection in the intervertebral disc space & is a form of osteomyelitis
How does Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows most commonly manifest?
Answer: Campylobacter fetus venerealis manifests as extended estrus cycles, endometritis, & silent abortion
In adding antibiotics to the pig feed to kill off the Brachyspira, what are you trying to prevent?
Dysentery; Brachyspira is responsible for 30% of pig dysentery cases & is controlled by antibiotics like Metronidazole; the other 3rds of pig diarrhea are caused by Lawsonia & the Enterobacteriaceae.
.How is Leptospira spread?
Leptospira loves the water & is often spread by urine
What causes “moon blindness” in horses?
Answer: Leptospira; “moon blindness” is also called periodic uveitis.
What is associated with foot rot in cattle?
Answer: Dichelobacter nodosus is associated with foot rot; this is a gram (-) anaerobe
A cow has chronic diarrhea & wasting with corrugated cardboard ileitis at death; what is the most likely causative agent?
Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis; “Johne’s Disease”.
.If a cow tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, subspecies bovis, what is the diagnosis?
The cow has the equivalent of human Tuberculosis.
Badgers, deer, & elk may serve as reservoirs for what bacteria?
Mycobacterium bovis (which is cattle tuberculosis, & it is a zoonotic & can jump into humans).
A bacteria is found within granulocytes. What might be the culprit?
Answer: Ehrlichia ewingii.
What bacteria invades neutrophils?
Answer: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
A bacteria is found within platelets. What might be the culprit?
Anaplasma platys.
What type of cells does Ehrlichia canis infect?
Answer: Ehrlichia canis infects monocytes & lymphocytes
What type of cells does Ehrlichia chaffeensis infect?
Answer: Ehrlichia chaffeensis infects monocytes.
A bird is found with pasted vents, green diarrhea, & conjunctivitis. What might be causing this?
Chlamydophila psittaci; the diarrhea of birds infected with Chlamydophila psittaci is often green since the bacteria affects the liver.
Campylobacter fetus fetus causes frank abortion. What agent has a similar manifestation in sheep?
Chlamydophila abortus causes abortion late in pregnancy of ewes & is why pregnant women working with sheep are at an increased risk of abortion.
Chlamydophila felis is most associated with what ailment?
Answer: Chlamydophila felis is well-recognized worldwide as a cause of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, & (rarely) pneumonia of domestic cats.
What is the name of the fungal agent that is an opportunistic pathogen, that can grow down the esophagus, but that is ordinarily found on the skin to be harmless?
Candidiasis; it gets its foothold at muco-cutaneous junctions.
What fungus is associated with nasal disease in dogs
Aspergillosis.
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Answer: Microsporum canis.
What fungal infection is associated with subcutaneous mycoses?
Answer: Sporotrichosis
what is the most common systemic mycosis of cats
Cryptococcosis is a common systemic mycosis in cats that often affects the nasal cavity.
.What systemic (deep) mycosis is an inhabitant of soil & wood, & is found especially where water levels fluctuate?
Blastomycosis
What systemic (deep) mycosis is a harbinger of human disease?
Answer: Blastomycosis.
What systemic (deep) mycosis presents with ~80% of dogs having pulmonary infection?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis
Which systemic mycotic disease are you most likely to encounter out west in the desert?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis.
This sheep has a tilted head. What bacteria may explain it?
Listeria
What infection may explain this subcutaneous infection?”
Image of a white cat leg with a wound that has deep epithelial granulomatous reaction with dark edges
Sporotrichosis
Which mycotic infection is the most zoonotic?
Sporotrichosis
What tick born pathogens are you least likely to see on a blood smear?
Answer: Ehrlichia canis & Ehlichia chaffeensis (since both infect monocytes)
What is an opportunistic pathogen that is normally in the upper respiratory tract, alimentary, & genital mucosa?
Candidiasis
What fungus can cause gastric ulceration?
Candidiasis.
Which fungus has thick walls, is multi-septate, & has no microconidia?
Microsporum canis.
.Which fungus is smooth, thin-walled, occurs in small numbers, & may have microconidia?
Trichophyton
How does the “Derm-Duet” media work?
Answer: Derm-Duet has 2 sides to it: Rapid Sporulation Media (RSM) & Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM); DTM will turn red within a few days when a dermatophytic fungus is present. Dermatophytes include Microsporum canis & Trichophyton; the RSM side will induce the organisms to produce spores (macroconidia) which can be viewed microscopically for identification.
What does the Cotton Blue stain allow you to see?
Answer: Cotton Blue Stain allows for the visualization of fungus. With it, you can see septae & hyphae.
Which dermatophyte disease is caused by a yeast?
Malassezia
What is this fungus that is highly encapsulated?
Sporotrichosis
.What fungus causes chin acne of cats?
Malassezia.
What fungus likes temperate, moist environments & is common in the southeast US?
Answer: Blastomycosis. Moist areas are great for growing Blastomycosis!
What species of animals is infected more than others with Blastomycosis?
Dogs
How does Blastomycosis get into the animal?
Answer: Blastomycosis is simply inhaled
What is this yeast with a broad base of budding?
Blastomyces
After Blastomyces get into the respiratory tract, what can happen?
Answer: Blastomyces can go from the respiratory tract to become cutaneous lesions.
If you see a dog with Blastomycosis on the leg, where is it also
Answer: Blastomyces must also be in the lung!
What fungus likes hot & arid soils?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis.
How does an animal get Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer: An animal gets Coccidioidomycosis by breathing in the spores
.Coccidioidomycosis is also known as what?
Valley Fever.
How does Coccidioidomycosis often present?
Answer: First, Coccidioidomycosis may present as a flu, then can develop into a pneumonia. Look for big, fungal lesions in the lung.
How infectious is Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis is extremely infectious, & all it takes is 1 spore! This is a feared thing!
How can you diagnose Coccidioidomycosis?
look for sporangia
Where is Histoplasmosis often found?
Answer: Histoplasmosis is often found in temperate, wet climates (Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds); Histoplasmosis is most often diagnosed in dogs since they have their noses to the ground & inhale spores.
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Answer: Histoplasmosis often presents as pneumonia
In what form is Cryptococcosis always?
Cryptococcosis is always yeast!
What does the budding yeast like in Cryptococcosis?
Answer: Cryptococcosis budding is NOT broad based; it’s tiny & narrow.
What tick born disease causes splenomegaly in birds?
Answer: Borrelia.
What are the hallmarks of Staphylococcus infections?
Purulent lesions & abscesses, pus, thick cell walls of the Staphylococcus bacteria, & a strong antigen response. Think cutaneous abscesses, “greasy pig disease”, & “bumble foot”.
What causes “Greasy Pig” & “Bumble Foot”?
Staphylococcus
Is Streptococcus more robust than Staphylococcus, or less so?
Answer: Less so! Streptococcus is a bit more delicate than Staphylococcus
What causes “Strangles” in horses?
Streptococcus equi equi.
What is the disease pattern of Streptococcus?
Streptococcus leads to septicemia & pneumonia.
Can you vaccinate horses against “Strangles”?
Yes
Can you give a “Strangles” (Streptococcus) vaccine before birth?
yes
Does Streptococcus just present as “Strangles”?
Answer: No! Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus has a larger host range, & can effect pigs & calves.
What was Enterococcus classified as previously?
Answer: Enterococcus was previously considered a Lancefield Group D Streptococcus.
What is special about Enterococcus?
Enterococcus is multi-drug resistant!
How can Enterococcus present in dogs & cats?
Enterococcus can present as diarrhea, OR as an ear infection (otitis)
How does Arcanobacterium cause disease?
Arcanobacterium is more like Staphylococcus in that it is present on the skin & can cause disease; look for pus, purulent lesions, & suppurative (full of pus) lesions
Does Arcanobacterium have a particular disease pattern?
Answer: No, it just depends on where the bacteria spreads
What can Bacillus cereus cause?
Answer: Food poisoning.
How does Bacillus anthracis kill?
Answer: Bacillus anthracis emits a hemotoxin, vascular permeability is increased, the animal goes into hypotensive shock, & dies rapidly.
What species of animal is most affected by Bacillus anthracis?
Answer: Cattle via the GI, since they pull up grass & ingest soil in the process.
Can you vaccinate for Anthrax?
Yes
.Where might petechial hemorrhages be found in a cow dead of anthrax?
Petechial hemorrhages might be found on the heart, on the spleen, & lots of places
Is there a historical note to the anthrax saga?
Answer: Yes; there are anthrax spores to be found to this day along the cattle trails of the 1800s.
What 2 Corynebacterium must you know for the exam?
Answer: C. pseudotuberculosis & C. renale group.
What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?
C. pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis.
What does C. renale group cause?
Answer: C. renale group causes urinary tract infections & pyelonephritis & is why good sanitation in the milking parlor is important!
How does Corynebacterium renale group cause pyelonephritis?
Answer: Corynebacterium renale group infection begins in the urinary tract, works its way up to the bladder (cystitis), & can then go further up to the kidneys to cause kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
What causes “pigeon breast”?
Answer: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
The skin of fish may contain what Gram (+) bacteria that we’ve studied?
Erysipelothrix is present on fish skin & may infect people who handle fish, especially if those people have tiny cuts on their hands.
How does Erysipelothrix present in pigs?
Answer: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes “diamond skin disease” in pigs. This is simply the gross manifestation of DIC in the small vessels of the skin
How can Erysipelothrix present in dogs & cats?
Answer: Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs & cats
Can you vaccinate for Erysipelothrix?
yes
Does Listeria cause neurological signs, or GI signs?
Answer: Listeria causes both neurological signs & GI signs; the GI signs are usually mild & written off as something else, while the notorious & very serous signs tend to be neurological.
Is there a danger of zoonotic transmission with Listeria?
Answer: Yes! Listeria can contaminate cold cuts & meats since it is a cold loving thing,
What is the greater risk to a foal: Streptococcus or Rhodococcus?
Answer: Rhodococcus! Rhodococcus (foal pneumonia) can have a case fatality rate as high as 50%!
Where does Rhodococcus come from?
Answer: Rhodococcus is just a soil loving thing that doesn’t intend to get into a horse; Rhodococcus gets breathed in & it is why dust control is important when it comes to foal pneumonia.
Can adult horses get Rhodococcus?
Answer: Yes, but most adult horses have some level of titer to Rhodococcus & it is seldom deadly
How do Clostridial organisms breath?
Answer: Clostridium does not breath; they are anaerobes & as old as the hills! Clostridium are strict anaerobes.
What is the source of infection of Clostridium?
Endospores
How can Clostridium infections present?
Answer: Clostridial infections can present as histo-toxic or neuro-toxic.
How does a histo-toxic Clostridium infection occur?
Answer: Clostridium gains access to the animal either through ingestion of endospores (C. difficile) or via inoculation of a wound (C. perfringens).
. What can Clostridium perfringens cause?
Answer: Gas gangrene
What kind of animal can get a Clostridium infection?
Answer: ANY kind of animal
What dictates what kind of disease Clostridium causes?
It all depends on where the endospores end up
What vaccine is available for Clostridium?
Answer: There is the annual vax
What is the difference between tetanus toxin & botulism toxin?
Answer: Tetanus toxin causes spastic action, while botulism toxin causes flaccid paralysis
.If an animal ingests pre-formed toxin (such as botulism) or the endospores of tetanus, what determines the result?
The result depends on how many toxins the animal ingested, or how many endospores the animal was exposed to, & the body mass of the animal; botulism toxin is preformed! Tetanus toxin is not pre-formed!
Is there a vaccine for tetanus?
yes
Where does Actinomyces usually live?
Answer: Actinomyces is normal flora of the mouth.
Where does Dermatophilus usually live?
Answer: Dermatophilus is a soil dwelling organism
How does an animal get a Dermatophilus infection, & how does it present?
Answer: Dermatophilus gets its foothold on an animal via wet conditions (think of a horse that is always wet since it has no shelter to dry out in), & can also cause problems of the feet; Dermatophilus infections present as “lumpy wool”, “rain scald”, & foot problems.
What is unique about Gram (-) bacteria vs Gram (+) bacteria
Answer: While Gram (+) bacteria have a thick outer wall, Gram (-) bacteria have a separate outer membrane & do not depend so much on the cell wall. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides, also known as endotoxin (which is not very antigenic).
Are endotoxins & enterotoxins the same thing?
Answer: No! Enterotoxins target the luminal surface of the gut & allows water to flow out; endotoxins are another name for Gram (-) lipopolysaccharides.
Do all Escherichia coli secrete enterotoxins?
Answer: No, some actually attach to the cell surface of the gut themselves & cause disease
What is “edema disease”?
Escherichia coli colonize & proliferate in the small intestine; enterotoxins are produced that damage the small arteries & arterioles. Degenerative angiopathy leads to increased vascular permeability & accumulation of edema at various sites, most notably the colon, stomach, small intestine, eyelids, & brain
Can Escherichia coli cause diarrhea in the upper or lower GI tract?
Answer: Either; if there is hemorrhaging, it is most dangerous since frank blood means other things in the intestines can be gaining access to systemic circulation
Is there a good vaccine against Escherichia coli?
no
Does Salmonella cause just diarrhea?
Answer: No; Salmonella also causes pneumonia, abortion, & arthritis. PADA: pneumonia, abortion, diarrhea, arthritis
Other than diarrhea, what can Yersinia cause?
Answer: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis subspecies pestis causes plague, but not diarrhea. Plague presents as petechial hemorrhage, pulmonary DIC, & hemorrhage.
What does Shigella cause?
Answer: Shigella causes dysentery in primates.
How does Pasteurella multocida get into a person from a cat (or dog)?
Answer: Via bites, especially cat bites!
What is the causative agent of “Shipping Fever”?
Answer: Mannheimia
Is “Shipping Fever” often just one thing?
No, it is often many things together, both bacterial & viral.
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Answer: Pasteurella & Bordetella together
What causes “Snuffles” in rabbits?
Answer: Pasteurella
What causes “avian cholera”?
Pastuerella.
What causes “wooden tongue”?
Answer: Actinobacillus causes “wooden tongue”.
What causes foal pneumonia?
Answer: Rhodococcus causes foal pneumonia, as does Actinobacillus
Can Actinobacillus cause wound infections, like Actinomyces?
Answer: Yes, both Actinobacillus (causative agent of “wooden tongue”) & Actinomyces (causative agent of “lumpy jaw”) cause wound infections.
How does “wooden tongue” form?
“Wooden tongue” forms from abrasions on the tongue
Is there a vaccine for Actinobacillus?
Yes
Where is Haemophilus in a healthy animal?
Answer: Haemophilus is found in the upper respiratory tract normally, but can escape!
What does Haemophilus cause?
Answer: Haemophilus causes conjuntivitis & cystitis in cats & dogs, & also pneumonia, serositis, meningitis, & “Glasser’s disease” in pigs.
What is the most common presentation of Haemophilus?
Answer: Conjunctivitis (watery eyes) in cats & “Glasser’s Disease” in pigs
Is there a vaccine for Haemophilus?
yes, for birds
What is the Histophilus species worth knowing for the exam
Answer: Histophilus somni, which is ordinarily found in the respiratory tract, but then gets out. Somni = sleepy = think TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis)!
Is Histophilus, once it gets to the TEME stage, recoverable?
No
Is there a vaccine for Histophilus?
There is a Histophilus bacterin for pre-weaning calves & feedlot cattle.
Is “Kennel cough” often an isolated thing?
Answer: No; like “Shipping Fever”, “Kennel cough” is often a long list of things together, which can include Bordetella.
What can Bordetella do to the trachea?
Bordetella can flatten out the trachea
Is there a vaccine for Bordetella?
Yes
How is Francisella transmitted?
Answer: Francisella is a tick born disease & it can be very severe, with endotoxemia, inflammation, etc.
Is there a zoonotic risk with Francisella?
Answer: Yes! Francisella is also called “Rabbit Fever”.
Is Francisella linked to geography?
Answer: Yes, due to the ticks!
Does Francisella affect birds?
No, just rabbits/mammals
How is Moraxella transmitted?
Moraxella is transmitted by fly bites; Moraxella is in the fly saliva, & then the fly bites, & Moraxella colonizes the eye area & causes pink eye in cattle.”
Is there a vaccine for Moraxella?
Yes
Where is Pseudomonas found?
Pseudomonas is a common environmental thing; think of moist places.
Is Pseudomonas easy to treat?
Answer: No, Pseudomonas is a nightmare to treat since it’s so antibiotic resistant
How does Pseudomonas get into an animal?
Answer: Pseudomonas can gain entry & inoculate anywhere & anything; Pseudomonas has a specific odor & is green
Is Burkholderia mallei found in the US?
No, it causes glanders though.
Is Burkholderia pseudomallei found in the US?
Answer: Burkholderia pseudomallei may be encountered in zoos, but if you see it, report it to the state vet office (think of the iguana & the FBI).
What is “Glanders”?
“Glanders” is a lot like “Strangles”, only it is caused by Burkholderia mallei & is multiorgan & multi-systemic.
. What does Taylorella cause?
Answer: Taylorella causes contagious equine metritis (CEM), or purulent metritis.
Is Taylorella a foreign disease?
Answer: Taylorella is alleged to be a foreign disease which is why the US uses quarantine based testing; however, the entertainment clause allows horses into the US without testing, so Taylorella is likely endemic in the US.”
What type of animal can get Brucella?
Answer: Any type of animal can get Brucella!
What does Brucella cause?
Answer: Brucella causes orchitis, abortion, & osteomyelitis, as well as infertility.
Why is Brucella a hot button issue?
Answer: Brucella is a hot button issue since ranchers think the national parks are a reservoir for Brucella, which can affect their cattle (& cause disease in their cattle, & great economic loss!).
Is there a vaccine for Brucella?
Answer: Yes, developed right here at UF
s there a zoonotic potential for Brucella?
Yes
. How does Campylobacter jejuni present?
Answer: Campylobacter jejuni presents as a gastro-enteritis (like Salmonella).
What species does Campylobacter fetus venerealis most often infect?
C. fetus venerealis most often infects cattle.
Can Campylobacter jejuni cause human disease, like diarrhea?
Answer: Yes! Campylobacter jejuni causes human diarrhea cases.
What Campylobacter messes up artificial insemination (AI) programs?
Campylobacter fetus venerealis causes extended estrus cycles as well as silent abortions, & it messes up AI.
Is there a vaccine for Campylobacter?
Yes
What does Brachyspira cause?
Answer: Brachyspira is responsible for a third of all pig diarrhea.
What does Lawsonia cause?
Lawsonia causes a third of all pig diarrhea, & it is seldom identified definitively outside the pig industry since it’s the pig industry that has an economic incentive to figure out what is killing its pigs!
What causes “wet tail”?
Answer: Lawsonia causes “wet tail”. It also causes pig diarrhea
Will you see fibrin tags in pig intestines with Lawsonia infection?
Yes
Is there a vaccine for Lawsonia?
Answer: Yes, there is an attenuated live vaccine for Lawsonia.
Are Helicobacter normally present in an animal?
Answer: Yes, Helicobacter are assumed to be present in the oral cavity & gut of animals.
What does Helicobacter cause?
Answer: Helicobacter causes gastritis
How is Borrelia transmitted?
Answer: Borrelia is a tick born thing (not exactly a gram -, but kind of); it causes Lyme Disease & the first sign is often headache & photophobia, though it is hard to tell if a dog has a headache
What does Borrelia cause?
In addition to Lyme Disease, Borrelia causes lymphadenopathy, arthritis, & splenomegaly in birds (“avian spirochetosis”, which is characterized by marked splenomegaly).”
Is there a vaccine for Borrelia?
Yes, for dogs
What does Leptospira love
Answer: Leptospira is a water-loving thing; Leptospira is found in nature & in the GI tract; contamination with Leptospira is often via the fecal route, & once an animal gets Leptospira, septicemia follows & then Leptospira is shed in the infected animal’s urine.
What does Leptospira cause?
Answer: Leptospira causes septicemia, renal disease, rat catcher’s yellows, & “moon blindness” (periodic uveitis) in horses.
What can Leptospira do to the urine?
Leptospira causes hemoglobinura
Is there a vaccine for Leptospira?
Yes
Do Bacteroides, Dichelobacter, & Fusobacterium need oxygen?
Answer: No, they are anaerobes
How do the anaerobes present as far as disease?
The anaerobes cause podo- & inter-digital dermatitis since the hoof has low amounts of oxygen; the anaerobes have slow metabolisms since they are anaerobes, so these are slow, festering wounds
What is unique about the Mycobacterium?
Answer: Mycobacterium have thick, greasy outer walls that make it hard for host defenses to defeat them
What causes Johnes Disease?
Answer: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
what causes the tuberculosis in cows?
Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis subspecies bovis. This is classic TB, & requires quarantine & is a zoonotic.
How do the lesions of Mycobacterium present?
The lesions can be cutaneous, & these are usually slowly developing & can spread extensively; the Mycobacterium do not stain with HE.
In tuberculosis infections, will the lesions just be cutaneous?
Answer: No, lesions will also be inside the animal, such as in the lungs, spleen, & lymph nodes
How does Johnes present?
Answer: Johnes Disease is an ileitis & so presents as diarrhea & emaciation
How do you test for TB vs Johnes?
Answer: Comparative Cervical Test; jab for TB & jab for Johnes, & then get out the calipers.
Where does Nocardia usually live?
Answer: Nocardia lives in the soil.
. How does Nocardia usually present?
Answer: Nocardia often presents as abscesses & effusions, & is found in dogs that are kept chained up in the dirt with collars that are too small.
Are Mycoplasmas gram (+) or gram (-)?
Neither. Think of Mycoplasma as little water balloons that depend on the life-style of the host
What kind of animal can get Mycoplasma?
Answer: Any kind of animal can get Mycoplasma
How can Mycoplasma infection present?
Answer: Mycoplasma presents as conjunctivitis, mastitis, pneumonia, air sacculitis, & arthritis.
Do Mycoplasma ever colonize RBCs?
Answer: Yes, Mycoplasma can colonize the RBCs & cause anemia; therefore, Mycoplasma can be confused with Anaplasma marginale
Can Mycoplasma cause pneumonia?
Answer: Yes, Mycoplasma can cause Walking Pneumonia & pleuropneomonia, which has been eradicated in the US.
Can Mycoplasma cause joint issues?
Yes, Mycoplasma causes blood in the joint
Can Mycoplasma cause arthritis & air sacculitis in birds?
Yes
Why are Ehrlichia canis & Ehrlichia chaffeensis hard to diagnosis?
Answer: E. canis & E. chaffeensis are hard to diagnose since they live in monocytes, & those are scarcely circulating cells.
Geographically, where are E. canis & E. chaffeensis most commonly diagnosed?
Answer: They are most commonly diagnosed in the southern US.
What are the 3 phases of Ehrlichia canis infection?
Answer: Acute, subclinical, & chronic phases; thrombocytopenia is noted
What cell does Ehrlichia ewingii infect?
Answer: E. ewingii infects granulocytes.
With what drug is Ehrlichia canis best treated
Doxycycline
Where are Anaplasma phagocytophilum found?
Answer: In neutrophils; they can be seen as morula on blood smears or in the buffy coat.
Can Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause joint issues?
Answer: Yes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum can manifest as joint issues
What does Anaplasma platys infect?
platelets
What causes Potomac Horse Fever?
Answer: Neorickettsia risticii; the vector is a fluke
Does Chlamydia have a strict host range?
Answer: Yes! We do, though, worry about zoonotic transmission, especially with Chlamydophila psittaci.
Why do Chlamydia look like little dots of green
Answer: Because you’re seeing the reticulate bodies (vegetative; RB) & elementary bodies (infectious; EB). Chlamydia cycle between EBs & RBs
How does Chlamydophila psittaci present in birds?
As avian hepatomegaly & avian splenomegaly.
How does Chlamydophila felis often present in cats?
Answer: As conjunctivitis, rhinitis, & (rarely) pneumonia; acute, chronic, or recurrent conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation (& can be confused with Haemophilus or Mycoplasma infection).
What causes enzootic ovine abortion?
Answer: Chlamydophia abortus; also called Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE), a number of animals are susceptible to this; this can cause abortion storms when 1 fetus is aborted, then other sheep go sniff the dead lamb, & then Chlamydophila abortus gets transmitted; Chlamydophila abortus is why pregnant women working with sheep have an increased risk of abortion.
What Chlamydophila is causing a big outbreak in koalas?
Answer: Chlamydophila pecorum.
Is there a zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila?
Answer: Yes; there is a known potential for Chlamydophila psittaci & Chlamydophila abortus; there is a reported zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila felis.
Most opportunistic mycoses are attributed to what?
Candida or Aspergillus. Candida looks like little pills & Aspergillus looks like dandelions.
What fungus can lead to scarring of the esophagus?
Candidiasis
What 3 species, in particular, can be effected by Aspergillosis?
Answer: Dogs (their noses), horses (their guttural pouches), & birds (via contaminated litter).
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Answer: Microsporum canis. This is animal to animal transmitted.
Is Malassezia a yeast or mold or both?
Answer: Malassezia is a yeast
What causes chin acne of cats?
Answer: Malassezia, a yeast.
What does Sporotrichosis infect & how does it get into the animal?
Answer: Deeper layers of the skin; Sporothichosis gets into the animal via puncture or bite wounds & disseminates
What sort of weather does Blastomycosis like?
Blastomycosis likes wet weather, but also temperate; Blastomycosis is common in the southeast
How does Blastomycosis gain access to an animal?
Answer: Blastomycosis is simply inhaled, & often by dogs
Does Blastomycosis stay in the respiratory tract?
Answer: No; Blastomycosis starts in the respiratory tract, & then spreads & causes cutaneous lesions.
What distinguishes Microsporum canis from Blastomycosis?
Answer: Blastomycosis starts in the lungs & then becomes cutaneous lesions; Microsporum canis is only ever a cutaneous infection (dermatophyte).
What is a broad based budding yeast?
Answer: Blastomycosis.
Will topical drugs alone cure a Blastomycosis infection?
Answer: No; if you find cutaneous Blastomycosis, remember it got there via the lung; therefore, systemic drugs are needed to treat Blastomycosis
What causes Valley Fever?
Coccidioidomycosis; it likes hot, arid soils.
How does Coccidioidomycosis usually present in dogs?
Answer: It usually presents as a lung infection.
What is the infectious dose of Coccidioidomycosis
Answer: 1 spore
Does Histoplasmosis like wet weather or dry?
Answer: Histoplasmosis likes wet climates, especially around the Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds.
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Answer: Histoplasmosis often presents as a pneumonia.
. Do Histoplasmosis & Blastomycosis look similar in tissues?
No, they look different, with Blastomycosis having a broad based budding, & Histoplasmosis having invaded macrophages.
is Cryptococcosis always a yeast?
Yes
Where does Cryptococcosis like to infect?
Cryptococcosis is a yeast that likes to infect the nasal cavities of cats.
Does Cryptococcosis have a broad or narrow budding base?
Cryptococcosis has a narrow budding base.
