Know All The Things Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
Do endotoxins have local & specific effects?
A
Answer: No! Know that endotoxins have a general systemic effect: these effects include fever, DIC, hemorrhage (not local or specific effects!).
2
Q
A dog has mange. What is a likely secondary skin infection?
A
Answer: A dog with mange (caused by Demodex canis, for example) can develop a secondary Staphylococcus infection. The Staphylococcus infection is an opportunistic infection to the mange. Bacteria that cause pus are called suppurative, pyogenic, or purulent, & include Staphylococcus. Pyoderma means any skin disease that is pyogenic.
3
Q
What causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs?
A
Answer: Staphylococcus causes “Greasy Pig Disease” in pigs.
4
Q
What causes “Strangles” in animals?
A
Answer: Streptococcus causes “Strangles”, a disease that is not confined to horses!
5
Q
What is uniquely difficult about treating Enterococcus?
A
Answer: Enterococcus causes diarrhea & is frequently multi-drug resistant! (VRE = vancomycin resistant enterococci).
6
Q
What causes caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis?
A
Corynebacterium (pseudotuberculosis or renale group) is associated with caseous lymphadenitis & pyelonephritis (aka, kidney infection).
7
Q
What is a cause of endocarditis in dogs?
A
Answer: Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs
8
Q
What causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs?
A
Answer: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes “Diamond Skin Disease” in pigs.
9
Q
An animal with head tilt may be suffering from what pathogen?
A
Answer: Listeria can present as a frank infection that includes diarrhea (many of these cases are written off as something else), & then a minority of Listeria cases show neurological signs with a head tilt, ears down, & eyes half open.
10
Q
What causes foal pneumonia with a case fatality rate as high as 50%?
A
Rhodococcus causes foal pneumonia, & has a case fatality rate as high as 50%!
11
Q
What causes “limberneck” in birds?
A
Answer: Clostridial infections can be either histo-toxic or neuro-toxic; “limberneck” occurs in birds that consume fish that have botulism toxin in them (& is therefore neuro-toxic).
12
Q
What causes “Lumpy Jaw”?
A
Answer: Actinomyces can cause “lumpy jaw” in cattle. Actinomycosis or “lumpy jaw” produces immovable hard swellings on the upper & lower jawbones of cattle, commonly at the central molar level. It is caused by an anaerobic micro-organism, Actinomyces bovis.
13
Q
What causes “rain rot”?
A
Answer: Dermatophilus is associated with “rain scald”, “lumpy wool”, & strawberry foot rot.
14
Q
If a human is bitten by a cat, what is the most likely infection that can follow in the bit human
A
Pasteurella multocida is in the oral cavities of cats (& dogs), & can get passed onto (& into!) humans in the form of a bite; Pasteurella multocida causes wound infection.
15
Q
What is the causative bacterial agent of “Shipping Fever”?
A
Answer: Mannheimia is part of the Pasteurellaceae Family & is the causative agent of “Shipping Fever”. Enzootic pneumonia of calves refers to infectious respiratory disease in calves. Enzootic pneumonia is primarily a problem in calves less than 6 months of age with peak occurrence from 2-10 weeks of age, but “Shipping Fever” may be seen in calves up to 1 year of age.
16
Q
What causes atrophic rhinitis
A
Pasteurella is associated with atrophic rhinitis. Atrophic rhinitis (atrophy means to waste away) is a widespread & economically important swine disease caused by Pasteurella multocida & Bordetella bronchiseptica.
17
Q
What is the causative agent of “Snuffles” in rabbits?
A
Answer: Pasteurella is associated with “Snuffles” in rabbits. “Snuffles” is a general term describing a group of upper respiratory signs in rabbits. While there can be different causes of these infections, the most common & generally accepted cause of “Snuffles” is infection with Pasteurella multocida.
18
Q
What can cause cystitis is dogs?
A
Answer: Haemophilus is associated with cystitis (inflammation of the bladder) in dogs
19
Q
A cow is found to have TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis); what is a likely bacterial cause?
A
Histophilus is associated with TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis); Histophilus is also associated with pneumonia & septicemia.
20
Q
What causes “Kennel cough”?
A
Answer: Bordetella bronchiseptica is the causative agent of “Kennel cough”; it can also cause atrophic rhinitis when in combination with Pasteurella multocida.
21
Q
What causes “pink eye” in cattle?
A
Answer: Moraxella causes “pink eye” in cattle (keratoconjunctivitis), & also corneal ulcers
22
Q
Would Moraxella be likely to cause hematuria?
A
Answer: No! Moraxella is associated with “pink eye” in cattle; however, histo-toxic Clostridium is associated with “red water” (hemoglobinuria)
23
Q
What species of animal would most likely be vaccinated for Moraxella?
A
Answer: Cattle; Moraxella is a cattle problem; IgA is needed to kill Moraxella since it’s on the mucosa of the eye.
24
Q
What does Taylorella cause?
A
Answer: Taylorella is the causative agent of CEM (contagious equine metritis), which is purulent endometritis.
25
What can cause discospondylitis (a form of osteomyelitis) in dogs?
Answer: Brucella canis; discospondylitis is an infection in the intervertebral disc space & is a form of osteomyelitis
26
How does Campylobacter fetus venerealis in cows most commonly manifest?
Answer: Campylobacter fetus venerealis manifests as extended estrus cycles, endometritis, & silent abortion
27
In adding antibiotics to the pig feed to kill off the Brachyspira, what are you trying to prevent?
Dysentery; Brachyspira is responsible for 30% of pig dysentery cases & is controlled by antibiotics like Metronidazole; the other 3rds of pig diarrhea are caused by Lawsonia & the Enterobacteriaceae.
28
.How is Leptospira spread?
Leptospira loves the water & is often spread by urine
29
What causes "moon blindness" in horses?
Answer: Leptospira; "moon blindness" is also called periodic uveitis.
30
What is associated with foot rot in cattle?
Answer: Dichelobacter nodosus is associated with foot rot; this is a gram (-) anaerobe
31
A cow has chronic diarrhea & wasting with corrugated cardboard ileitis at death; what is the most likely causative agent?
Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis; "Johne's Disease".
32
.If a cow tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, subspecies bovis, what is the diagnosis?
The cow has the equivalent of human Tuberculosis.
33
Badgers, deer, & elk may serve as reservoirs for what bacteria?
Mycobacterium bovis (which is cattle tuberculosis, & it is a zoonotic & can jump into humans).
34
A bacteria is found within granulocytes. What might be the culprit?
Answer: Ehrlichia ewingii.
35
What bacteria invades neutrophils?
Answer: Anaplasma phagocytophilum
36
A bacteria is found within platelets. What might be the culprit?
Anaplasma platys.
37
What type of cells does Ehrlichia canis infect?
Answer: Ehrlichia canis infects monocytes & lymphocytes
38
What type of cells does Ehrlichia chaffeensis infect?
Answer: Ehrlichia chaffeensis infects monocytes.
39
A bird is found with pasted vents, green diarrhea, & conjunctivitis. What might be causing this?
Chlamydophila psittaci; the diarrhea of birds infected with Chlamydophila psittaci is often green since the bacteria affects the liver.
40
Campylobacter fetus fetus causes frank abortion. What agent has a similar manifestation in sheep?
Chlamydophila abortus causes abortion late in pregnancy of ewes & is why pregnant women working with sheep are at an increased risk of abortion.
41
Chlamydophila felis is most associated with what ailment?
Answer: Chlamydophila felis is well-recognized worldwide as a cause of conjunctivitis, rhinitis, & (rarely) pneumonia of domestic cats.
42
What is the name of the fungal agent that is an opportunistic pathogen, that can grow down the esophagus, but that is ordinarily found on the skin to be harmless?
Candidiasis; it gets its foothold at muco-cutaneous junctions.
43
What fungus is associated with nasal disease in dogs
Aspergillosis.
44
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Answer: Microsporum canis.
45
What fungal infection is associated with subcutaneous mycoses?
Answer: Sporotrichosis
46
what is the most common systemic mycosis of cats
Cryptococcosis is a common systemic mycosis in cats that often affects the nasal cavity.
47
.What systemic (deep) mycosis is an inhabitant of soil & wood, & is found especially where water levels fluctuate?
Blastomycosis
48
What systemic (deep) mycosis is a harbinger of human disease?
Answer: Blastomycosis.
49
What systemic (deep) mycosis presents with ~80% of dogs having pulmonary infection?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis
50
Which systemic mycotic disease are you most likely to encounter out west in the desert?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis.
51
This sheep has a tilted head. What bacteria may explain it?
Listeria
52
What infection may explain this subcutaneous infection?"
| Image of a white cat leg with a wound that has deep epithelial granulomatous reaction with dark edges
Sporotrichosis
53
Which mycotic infection is the most zoonotic?
Sporotrichosis
54
What tick born pathogens are you least likely to see on a blood smear?
Answer: Ehrlichia canis & Ehlichia chaffeensis (since both infect monocytes)
55
What is an opportunistic pathogen that is normally in the upper respiratory tract, alimentary, & genital mucosa?
Candidiasis
56
What fungus can cause gastric ulceration?
Candidiasis.
57
Which fungus has thick walls, is multi-septate, & has no microconidia?
Microsporum canis.
58
.Which fungus is smooth, thin-walled, occurs in small numbers, & may have microconidia?
Trichophyton
59
How does the "Derm-Duet" media work?
Answer: Derm-Duet has 2 sides to it: Rapid Sporulation Media (RSM) & Dermatophyte Test Media (DTM); DTM will turn red within a few days when a dermatophytic fungus is present. Dermatophytes include Microsporum canis & Trichophyton; the RSM side will induce the organisms to produce spores (macroconidia) which can be viewed microscopically for identification.
60
What does the Cotton Blue stain allow you to see?
Answer: Cotton Blue Stain allows for the visualization of fungus. With it, you can see septae & hyphae.
61
Which dermatophyte disease is caused by a yeast?
Malassezia
62
What is this fungus that is highly encapsulated?
Sporotrichosis
63
.What fungus causes chin acne of cats?
Malassezia.
64
What fungus likes temperate, moist environments & is common in the southeast US?
Answer: Blastomycosis. Moist areas are great for growing Blastomycosis!
65
What species of animals is infected more than others with Blastomycosis?
Dogs
66
How does Blastomycosis get into the animal?
Answer: Blastomycosis is simply inhaled
67
What is this yeast with a broad base of budding?
Blastomyces
68
After Blastomyces get into the respiratory tract, what can happen?
Answer: Blastomyces can go from the respiratory tract to become cutaneous lesions.
69
If you see a dog with Blastomycosis on the leg, where is it also
Answer: Blastomyces must also be in the lung!
70
What fungus likes hot & arid soils?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis.
71
How does an animal get Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer: An animal gets Coccidioidomycosis by breathing in the spores
72
.Coccidioidomycosis is also known as what?
Valley Fever.
73
How does Coccidioidomycosis often present?
Answer: First, Coccidioidomycosis may present as a flu, then can develop into a pneumonia. Look for big, fungal lesions in the lung.
74
How infectious is Coccidioidomycosis?
Answer: Coccidioidomycosis is extremely infectious, & all it takes is 1 spore! This is a feared thing!
75
How can you diagnose Coccidioidomycosis?
look for sporangia
76
Where is Histoplasmosis often found?
Answer: Histoplasmosis is often found in temperate, wet climates (Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds); Histoplasmosis is most often diagnosed in dogs since they have their noses to the ground & inhale spores.
77
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Answer: Histoplasmosis often presents as pneumonia
78
In what form is Cryptococcosis always?
Cryptococcosis is always yeast!
79
What does the budding yeast like in Cryptococcosis?
Answer: Cryptococcosis budding is NOT broad based; it's tiny & narrow.
80
What tick born disease causes splenomegaly in birds?
Answer: Borrelia.
81
What are the hallmarks of Staphylococcus infections?
Purulent lesions & abscesses, pus, thick cell walls of the Staphylococcus bacteria, & a strong antigen response. Think cutaneous abscesses, "greasy pig disease", & "bumble foot".
82
What causes "Greasy Pig" & "Bumble Foot"?
Staphylococcus
83
Is Streptococcus more robust than Staphylococcus, or less so?
Answer: Less so! Streptococcus is a bit more delicate than Staphylococcus
84
What causes "Strangles" in horses?
Streptococcus equi equi.
85
What is the disease pattern of Streptococcus?
Streptococcus leads to septicemia & pneumonia.
86
Can you vaccinate horses against "Strangles"?
Yes
87
Can you give a "Strangles" (Streptococcus) vaccine before birth?
yes
88
Does Streptococcus just present as "Strangles"?
Answer: No! Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus has a larger host range, & can effect pigs & calves.
89
What was Enterococcus classified as previously?
Answer: Enterococcus was previously considered a Lancefield Group D Streptococcus.
90
What is special about Enterococcus?
Enterococcus is multi-drug resistant!
91
How can Enterococcus present in dogs & cats?
Enterococcus can present as diarrhea, OR as an ear infection (otitis)
92
How does Arcanobacterium cause disease?
Arcanobacterium is more like Staphylococcus in that it is present on the skin & can cause disease; look for pus, purulent lesions, & suppurative (full of pus) lesions
93
Does Arcanobacterium have a particular disease pattern?
Answer: No, it just depends on where the bacteria spreads
94
What can Bacillus cereus cause?
Answer: Food poisoning.
95
How does Bacillus anthracis kill?
Answer: Bacillus anthracis emits a hemotoxin, vascular permeability is increased, the animal goes into hypotensive shock, & dies rapidly.
96
What species of animal is most affected by Bacillus anthracis?
Answer: Cattle via the GI, since they pull up grass & ingest soil in the process.
97
Can you vaccinate for Anthrax?
Yes
98
.Where might petechial hemorrhages be found in a cow dead of anthrax?
Petechial hemorrhages might be found on the heart, on the spleen, & lots of places
99
Is there a historical note to the anthrax saga?
Answer: Yes; there are anthrax spores to be found to this day along the cattle trails of the 1800s.
100
What 2 Corynebacterium must you know for the exam?
Answer: C. pseudotuberculosis & C. renale group.
101
What does C. pseudotuberculosis cause?
C. pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis.
102
What does C. renale group cause?
Answer: C. renale group causes urinary tract infections & pyelonephritis & is why good sanitation in the milking parlor is important!
103
How does Corynebacterium renale group cause pyelonephritis?
Answer: Corynebacterium renale group infection begins in the urinary tract, works its way up to the bladder (cystitis), & can then go further up to the kidneys to cause kidney infection (pyelonephritis).
104
What causes "pigeon breast"?
Answer: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.
105
The skin of fish may contain what Gram (+) bacteria that we've studied?
Erysipelothrix is present on fish skin & may infect people who handle fish, especially if those people have tiny cuts on their hands.
106
How does Erysipelothrix present in pigs?
Answer: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes "diamond skin disease" in pigs. This is simply the gross manifestation of DIC in the small vessels of the skin
107
How can Erysipelothrix present in dogs & cats?
Answer: Erysipelothrix can cause endocarditis in dogs & cats
108
Can you vaccinate for Erysipelothrix?
yes
109
Does Listeria cause neurological signs, or GI signs?
Answer: Listeria causes both neurological signs & GI signs; the GI signs are usually mild & written off as something else, while the notorious & very serous signs tend to be neurological.
110
Is there a danger of zoonotic transmission with Listeria?
Answer: Yes! Listeria can contaminate cold cuts & meats since it is a cold loving thing,
111
What is the greater risk to a foal: Streptococcus or Rhodococcus?
Answer: Rhodococcus! Rhodococcus (foal pneumonia) can have a case fatality rate as high as 50%!
112
Where does Rhodococcus come from?
Answer: Rhodococcus is just a soil loving thing that doesn't intend to get into a horse; Rhodococcus gets breathed in & it is why dust control is important when it comes to foal pneumonia.
113
Can adult horses get Rhodococcus?
Answer: Yes, but most adult horses have some level of titer to Rhodococcus & it is seldom deadly
114
How do Clostridial organisms breath?
Answer: Clostridium does not breath; they are anaerobes & as old as the hills! Clostridium are strict anaerobes.
115
What is the source of infection of Clostridium?
Endospores
116
How can Clostridium infections present?
Answer: Clostridial infections can present as histo-toxic or neuro-toxic.
117
How does a histo-toxic Clostridium infection occur?
Answer: Clostridium gains access to the animal either through ingestion of endospores (C. difficile) or via inoculation of a wound (C. perfringens).
118
. What can Clostridium perfringens cause?
Answer: Gas gangrene
119
What kind of animal can get a Clostridium infection?
Answer: ANY kind of animal
120
What dictates what kind of disease Clostridium causes?
It all depends on where the endospores end up
121
What vaccine is available for Clostridium?
Answer: There is the annual vax
122
What is the difference between tetanus toxin & botulism toxin?
Answer: Tetanus toxin causes spastic action, while botulism toxin causes flaccid paralysis
123
.If an animal ingests pre-formed toxin (such as botulism) or the endospores of tetanus, what determines the result?
The result depends on how many toxins the animal ingested, or how many endospores the animal was exposed to, & the body mass of the animal; botulism toxin is preformed! Tetanus toxin is not pre-formed!
124
Is there a vaccine for tetanus?
yes
125
Where does Actinomyces usually live?
Answer: Actinomyces is normal flora of the mouth.
126
Where does Dermatophilus usually live?
Answer: Dermatophilus is a soil dwelling organism
127
How does an animal get a Dermatophilus infection, & how does it present?
Answer: Dermatophilus gets its foothold on an animal via wet conditions (think of a horse that is always wet since it has no shelter to dry out in), & can also cause problems of the feet; Dermatophilus infections present as "lumpy wool", "rain scald", & foot problems.
128
What is unique about Gram (-) bacteria vs Gram (+) bacteria
Answer: While Gram (+) bacteria have a thick outer wall, Gram (-) bacteria have a separate outer membrane & do not depend so much on the cell wall. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides, also known as endotoxin (which is not very antigenic).
129
Are endotoxins & enterotoxins the same thing?
Answer: No! Enterotoxins target the luminal surface of the gut & allows water to flow out; endotoxins are another name for Gram (-) lipopolysaccharides.
130
Do all Escherichia coli secrete enterotoxins?
Answer: No, some actually attach to the cell surface of the gut themselves & cause disease
131
What is "edema disease"?
Escherichia coli colonize & proliferate in the small intestine; enterotoxins are produced that damage the small arteries & arterioles. Degenerative angiopathy leads to increased vascular permeability & accumulation of edema at various sites, most notably the colon, stomach, small intestine, eyelids, & brain
132
Can Escherichia coli cause diarrhea in the upper or lower GI tract?
Answer: Either; if there is hemorrhaging, it is most dangerous since frank blood means other things in the intestines can be gaining access to systemic circulation
133
Is there a good vaccine against Escherichia coli?
no
134
Does Salmonella cause just diarrhea?
Answer: No; Salmonella also causes pneumonia, abortion, & arthritis. PADA: pneumonia, abortion, diarrhea, arthritis
135
Other than diarrhea, what can Yersinia cause?
Answer: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis subspecies pestis causes plague, but not diarrhea. Plague presents as petechial hemorrhage, pulmonary DIC, & hemorrhage.
136
What does Shigella cause?
Answer: Shigella causes dysentery in primates.
137
How does Pasteurella multocida get into a person from a cat (or dog)?
Answer: Via bites, especially cat bites!
138
What is the causative agent of "Shipping Fever"?
Answer: Mannheimia
139
Is "Shipping Fever" often just one thing?
No, it is often many things together, both bacterial & viral.
140
What causes atrophic rhinitis?
Answer: Pasteurella & Bordetella together
141
What causes "Snuffles" in rabbits?
Answer: Pasteurella
142
What causes "avian cholera"?
Pastuerella.
143
What causes "wooden tongue"?
Answer: Actinobacillus causes "wooden tongue".
144
What causes foal pneumonia?
Answer: Rhodococcus causes foal pneumonia, as does Actinobacillus
145
Can Actinobacillus cause wound infections, like Actinomyces?
Answer: Yes, both Actinobacillus (causative agent of "wooden tongue") & Actinomyces (causative agent of "lumpy jaw") cause wound infections.
146
How does "wooden tongue" form?
"Wooden tongue" forms from abrasions on the tongue
147
Is there a vaccine for Actinobacillus?
Yes
148
Where is Haemophilus in a healthy animal?
Answer: Haemophilus is found in the upper respiratory tract normally, but can escape!
149
What does Haemophilus cause?
Answer: Haemophilus causes conjuntivitis & cystitis in cats & dogs, & also pneumonia, serositis, meningitis, & "Glasser's disease" in pigs.
150
What is the most common presentation of Haemophilus?
Answer: Conjunctivitis (watery eyes) in cats & "Glasser's Disease" in pigs
151
Is there a vaccine for Haemophilus?
yes, for birds
152
What is the Histophilus species worth knowing for the exam
Answer: Histophilus somni, which is ordinarily found in the respiratory tract, but then gets out. Somni = sleepy = think TEME (thromboembolic meningoencephalitis)!
153
Is Histophilus, once it gets to the TEME stage, recoverable?
No
154
Is there a vaccine for Histophilus?
There is a Histophilus bacterin for pre-weaning calves & feedlot cattle.
155
Is "Kennel cough" often an isolated thing?
Answer: No; like "Shipping Fever", "Kennel cough" is often a long list of things together, which can include Bordetella.
156
What can Bordetella do to the trachea?
Bordetella can flatten out the trachea
157
Is there a vaccine for Bordetella?
Yes
158
How is Francisella transmitted?
Answer: Francisella is a tick born disease & it can be very severe, with endotoxemia, inflammation, etc.
159
Is there a zoonotic risk with Francisella?
Answer: Yes! Francisella is also called "Rabbit Fever".
160
Is Francisella linked to geography?
Answer: Yes, due to the ticks!
161
Does Francisella affect birds?
No, just rabbits/mammals
162
How is Moraxella transmitted?
Moraxella is transmitted by fly bites; Moraxella is in the fly saliva, & then the fly bites, & Moraxella colonizes the eye area & causes pink eye in cattle."
163
Is there a vaccine for Moraxella?
Yes
164
Where is Pseudomonas found?
Pseudomonas is a common environmental thing; think of moist places.
165
Is Pseudomonas easy to treat?
Answer: No, Pseudomonas is a nightmare to treat since it's so antibiotic resistant
166
How does Pseudomonas get into an animal?
Answer: Pseudomonas can gain entry & inoculate anywhere & anything; Pseudomonas has a specific odor & is green
167
Is Burkholderia mallei found in the US?
No, it causes glanders though.
168
Is Burkholderia pseudomallei found in the US?
Answer: Burkholderia pseudomallei may be encountered in zoos, but if you see it, report it to the state vet office (think of the iguana & the FBI).
169
What is "Glanders"?
"Glanders" is a lot like "Strangles", only it is caused by Burkholderia mallei & is multiorgan & multi-systemic.
170
. What does Taylorella cause?
Answer: Taylorella causes contagious equine metritis (CEM), or purulent metritis.
171
Is Taylorella a foreign disease?
Answer: Taylorella is alleged to be a foreign disease which is why the US uses quarantine based testing; however, the entertainment clause allows horses into the US without testing, so Taylorella is likely endemic in the US."
172
What type of animal can get Brucella?
Answer: Any type of animal can get Brucella!
173
What does Brucella cause?
Answer: Brucella causes orchitis, abortion, & osteomyelitis, as well as infertility.
174
Why is Brucella a hot button issue?
Answer: Brucella is a hot button issue since ranchers think the national parks are a reservoir for Brucella, which can affect their cattle (& cause disease in their cattle, & great economic loss!).
175
Is there a vaccine for Brucella?
Answer: Yes, developed right here at UF
176
s there a zoonotic potential for Brucella?
Yes
177
. How does Campylobacter jejuni present?
Answer: Campylobacter jejuni presents as a gastro-enteritis (like Salmonella).
178
What species does Campylobacter fetus venerealis most often infect?
C. fetus venerealis most often infects cattle.
179
Can Campylobacter jejuni cause human disease, like diarrhea?
Answer: Yes! Campylobacter jejuni causes human diarrhea cases.
180
What Campylobacter messes up artificial insemination (AI) programs?
Campylobacter fetus venerealis causes extended estrus cycles as well as silent abortions, & it messes up AI.
181
Is there a vaccine for Campylobacter?
Yes
182
What does Brachyspira cause?
Answer: Brachyspira is responsible for a third of all pig diarrhea.
183
What does Lawsonia cause?
Lawsonia causes a third of all pig diarrhea, & it is seldom identified definitively outside the pig industry since it's the pig industry that has an economic incentive to figure out what is killing its pigs!
184
What causes "wet tail"?
Answer: Lawsonia causes "wet tail". It also causes pig diarrhea
185
Will you see fibrin tags in pig intestines with Lawsonia infection?
Yes
186
Is there a vaccine for Lawsonia?
Answer: Yes, there is an attenuated live vaccine for Lawsonia.
187
Are Helicobacter normally present in an animal?
Answer: Yes, Helicobacter are assumed to be present in the oral cavity & gut of animals.
188
What does Helicobacter cause?
Answer: Helicobacter causes gastritis
189
How is Borrelia transmitted?
Answer: Borrelia is a tick born thing (not exactly a gram -, but kind of); it causes Lyme Disease & the first sign is often headache & photophobia, though it is hard to tell if a dog has a headache
190
What does Borrelia cause?
In addition to Lyme Disease, Borrelia causes lymphadenopathy, arthritis, & splenomegaly in birds ("avian spirochetosis", which is characterized by marked splenomegaly)."
191
Is there a vaccine for Borrelia?
Yes, for dogs
192
What does Leptospira love
Answer: Leptospira is a water-loving thing; Leptospira is found in nature & in the GI tract; contamination with Leptospira is often via the fecal route, & once an animal gets Leptospira, septicemia follows & then Leptospira is shed in the infected animal's urine.
193
What does Leptospira cause?
Answer: Leptospira causes septicemia, renal disease, rat catcher's yellows, & "moon blindness" (periodic uveitis) in horses.
194
What can Leptospira do to the urine?
Leptospira causes hemoglobinura
195
Is there a vaccine for Leptospira?
Yes
196
Do Bacteroides, Dichelobacter, & Fusobacterium need oxygen?
Answer: No, they are anaerobes
197
How do the anaerobes present as far as disease?
The anaerobes cause podo- & inter-digital dermatitis since the hoof has low amounts of oxygen; the anaerobes have slow metabolisms since they are anaerobes, so these are slow, festering wounds
198
What is unique about the Mycobacterium?
Answer: Mycobacterium have thick, greasy outer walls that make it hard for host defenses to defeat them
199
What causes Johnes Disease?
Answer: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
200
what causes the tuberculosis in cows?
Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis subspecies bovis. This is classic TB, & requires quarantine & is a zoonotic.
201
How do the lesions of Mycobacterium present?
The lesions can be cutaneous, & these are usually slowly developing & can spread extensively; the Mycobacterium do not stain with HE.
202
In tuberculosis infections, will the lesions just be cutaneous?
Answer: No, lesions will also be inside the animal, such as in the lungs, spleen, & lymph nodes
203
How does Johnes present?
Answer: Johnes Disease is an ileitis & so presents as diarrhea & emaciation
204
How do you test for TB vs Johnes?
Answer: Comparative Cervical Test; jab for TB & jab for Johnes, & then get out the calipers.
205
Where does Nocardia usually live?
Answer: Nocardia lives in the soil.
206
. How does Nocardia usually present?
Answer: Nocardia often presents as abscesses & effusions, & is found in dogs that are kept chained up in the dirt with collars that are too small.
207
Are Mycoplasmas gram (+) or gram (-)?
Neither. Think of Mycoplasma as little water balloons that depend on the life-style of the host
208
What kind of animal can get Mycoplasma?
Answer: Any kind of animal can get Mycoplasma
209
How can Mycoplasma infection present?
Answer: Mycoplasma presents as conjunctivitis, mastitis, pneumonia, air sacculitis, & arthritis.
210
Do Mycoplasma ever colonize RBCs?
Answer: Yes, Mycoplasma can colonize the RBCs & cause anemia; therefore, Mycoplasma can be confused with Anaplasma marginale
211
Can Mycoplasma cause pneumonia?
Answer: Yes, Mycoplasma can cause Walking Pneumonia & pleuropneomonia, which has been eradicated in the US.
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Can Mycoplasma cause joint issues?
Yes, Mycoplasma causes blood in the joint
213
Can Mycoplasma cause arthritis & air sacculitis in birds?
Yes
214
Why are Ehrlichia canis & Ehrlichia chaffeensis hard to diagnosis?
Answer: E. canis & E. chaffeensis are hard to diagnose since they live in monocytes, & those are scarcely circulating cells.
215
Geographically, where are E. canis & E. chaffeensis most commonly diagnosed?
Answer: They are most commonly diagnosed in the southern US.
216
What are the 3 phases of Ehrlichia canis infection?
Answer: Acute, subclinical, & chronic phases; thrombocytopenia is noted
217
What cell does Ehrlichia ewingii infect?
Answer: E. ewingii infects granulocytes.
218
With what drug is Ehrlichia canis best treated
Doxycycline
219
Where are Anaplasma phagocytophilum found?
Answer: In neutrophils; they can be seen as morula on blood smears or in the buffy coat.
220
Can Anaplasma phagocytophilum cause joint issues?
Answer: Yes, Anaplasma phagocytophilum can manifest as joint issues
221
What does Anaplasma platys infect?
platelets
222
What causes Potomac Horse Fever?
Answer: Neorickettsia risticii; the vector is a fluke
223
Does Chlamydia have a strict host range?
Answer: Yes! We do, though, worry about zoonotic transmission, especially with Chlamydophila psittaci.
224
Why do Chlamydia look like little dots of green
Answer: Because you're seeing the reticulate bodies (vegetative; RB) & elementary bodies (infectious; EB). Chlamydia cycle between EBs & RBs
225
How does Chlamydophila psittaci present in birds?
As avian hepatomegaly & avian splenomegaly.
226
How does Chlamydophila felis often present in cats?
Answer: As conjunctivitis, rhinitis, & (rarely) pneumonia; acute, chronic, or recurrent conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation (& can be confused with Haemophilus or Mycoplasma infection).
227
What causes enzootic ovine abortion?
Answer: Chlamydophia abortus; also called Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE), a number of animals are susceptible to this; this can cause abortion storms when 1 fetus is aborted, then other sheep go sniff the dead lamb, & then Chlamydophila abortus gets transmitted; Chlamydophila abortus is why pregnant women working with sheep have an increased risk of abortion.
228
What Chlamydophila is causing a big outbreak in koalas?
Answer: Chlamydophila pecorum.
229
Is there a zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila?
Answer: Yes; there is a known potential for Chlamydophila psittaci & Chlamydophila abortus; there is a reported zoonotic potential for Chlamydophila felis.
230
Most opportunistic mycoses are attributed to what?
Candida or Aspergillus. Candida looks like little pills & Aspergillus looks like dandelions.
231
What fungus can lead to scarring of the esophagus?
Candidiasis
232
What 3 species, in particular, can be effected by Aspergillosis?
Answer: Dogs (their noses), horses (their guttural pouches), & birds (via contaminated litter).
233
What is the most common dermatophyte of domestic animals?
Answer: Microsporum canis. This is animal to animal transmitted.
234
Is Malassezia a yeast or mold or both?
Answer: Malassezia is a yeast
235
What causes chin acne of cats?
Answer: Malassezia, a yeast.
236
What does Sporotrichosis infect & how does it get into the animal?
Answer: Deeper layers of the skin; Sporothichosis gets into the animal via puncture or bite wounds & disseminates
237
What sort of weather does Blastomycosis like?
Blastomycosis likes wet weather, but also temperate; Blastomycosis is common in the southeast
238
How does Blastomycosis gain access to an animal?
Answer: Blastomycosis is simply inhaled, & often by dogs
239
Does Blastomycosis stay in the respiratory tract?
Answer: No; Blastomycosis starts in the respiratory tract, & then spreads & causes cutaneous lesions.
240
What distinguishes Microsporum canis from Blastomycosis?
Answer: Blastomycosis starts in the lungs & then becomes cutaneous lesions; Microsporum canis is only ever a cutaneous infection (dermatophyte).
241
What is a broad based budding yeast?
Answer: Blastomycosis.
242
Will topical drugs alone cure a Blastomycosis infection?
Answer: No; if you find cutaneous Blastomycosis, remember it got there via the lung; therefore, systemic drugs are needed to treat Blastomycosis
243
What causes Valley Fever?
Coccidioidomycosis; it likes hot, arid soils.
244
How does Coccidioidomycosis usually present in dogs?
Answer: It usually presents as a lung infection.
245
What is the infectious dose of Coccidioidomycosis
Answer: 1 spore
246
Does Histoplasmosis like wet weather or dry?
Answer: Histoplasmosis likes wet climates, especially around the Mississippi & Ohio River watersheds.
247
How does Histoplasmosis often present?
Answer: Histoplasmosis often presents as a pneumonia.
248
. Do Histoplasmosis & Blastomycosis look similar in tissues?
No, they look different, with Blastomycosis having a broad based budding, & Histoplasmosis having invaded macrophages.
249
is Cryptococcosis always a yeast?
Yes
250
Where does Cryptococcosis like to infect?
Cryptococcosis is a yeast that likes to infect the nasal cavities of cats.
251
Does Cryptococcosis have a broad or narrow budding base?
Cryptococcosis has a narrow budding base.
