Know for NCLEX Flashcards
(283 cards)
1
Q
Abruption placentae
A
Premature separation of a normally positioned placenta in a pregnancy of at least 20 weeks’ gestation either before labor or during labor but before delivery. This serious complication of pregnancy, occurring in one of every 200 births and often resulting
1
Q
Accommodation
A
- The act or process of adapting to changes in the physiologic or psychological environment to maintain homeostasis. 2. In ophthalmology: adjustment of the lens of the eye for various distances. 3. In sociology: the use of compromise, arbitration, or neg
2
Q
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A
A disorder of the immune system characterized by an inability to mount a successful defense against infection such as by organisms that usually aren’t pathogenic (opportunistic infections). The syndrome is caused by infection with the human immunodeficien
3
Q
Active immunity
A
Acquired immunity caused by the production of antibodies, either after infection or as a result of vaccination.
4
Q
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
A
A form of leukemia, most commonly occurring in children, marked by large numbers of immature leukocytes in the blood and blood-forming tissues (including the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes). The disease has a sudden onset and rapid clinical c
5
Q
Acute nephritis
A
Acute inflammation of the kidney, possibly involving the glomerulus, tubules, and interstitial tissues.
6
Q
Addison’s disease
A
A life-threatening condition characterized by fatigue, hypotension, loss of appetite and weight, nausea or vomiting, and increased hyperpigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. It results from partial or complete loss of glucocorticoid, mineralocort
7
Q
Addisonian crisis
A
An emergency situation occurring with adrenal hypofunction and exposure to trauma, surgery, or other severe physiologic stress that exhausts the body’s stores of glucocorticoids.
8
Q
Adrenergic
A
- Activated or transmitted by epinephrine, norepinephrine, or a similar substance. 2. Also called a sympathomimetic, a drug that stimulates alpha or beta receptors (thus mimicking the effects of epinephrine or norepinephrine) or acts primarily on recepto
9
Q
Agonist
A
- In anatomy: any muscle in a state of contraction whose action is opposed by another muscle with which it’s paired (called the antagonist). 2. In pharmacology: a drug that has an affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors.
10
Q
Akinesia
A
- Loss of the ability to move voluntarily. 2. The rest period after systole in the normal heart rhythm. 3. In psychiatry: a neurotic condition characterized by symptoms of paralysis.
11
Q
Allen’s test
A
A test designed to evaluate a client’s collateral circulation in the arm before an invasive arterial procedure such as arterial blood gas analysis. While the client’s radial and ulnar arteries are occluded, he clenches his fist, causing the hand to blanch
12
Q
Anaphylaxis
A
A systemic reaction to a previously encountered antigen.
13
Q
Anastomosis
A
A surgical procedure in which two blood vessels, ducts, or other tubelike structures are joined to allow the flow of substances between them. Types of anastomoses are end-to-end and side-to-side.
14
Q
Angina pectoris
A
Severe chest pain characterized by sensations of spasm, constriction, and crushing weight, classically radiating from the area over the heart to the left shoulder and arm and possibly accompanied by a feeling of choking or suffocation. Angina usually resu
15
Q
Anorexia
A
Loss of appetite.
16
Q
Anorexia nervosa
A
An eating disorder, most common among adolescent girls, that is characterized by an aversion to eating, a morbid fear of becoming obese despite significant weight loss, a disturbed body image that results in a feeling of being fat even when extremely thin
17
Q
Antagonist
A
- In pharmacology: a drug that nullifies the action of another drug. 2. In anatomy: a muscle whose effects counteract the effects of another muscle. 3. In dentistry, a tooth that meets another in the opposite jaw during chewing or clenching of the teeth.
18
Q
Anticholinergic
A
- Of or relating to blockade of the impulses of parasympathetic or other cholinergic nerve fibers. 2. Any agent with anticholinergic properties.
19
Q
Anticipatory guidance
A
Information about a disorder or about the normal growth and development expectations of a specific age-group given at an appropriate time before an event in order to provide the client with support and strategies for dealing with potential problems before
20
Q
Antisocial personality disorder
A
A disorder that manifests after age 15 as a pervasive disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
21
Q
Anuria
A
Absence of urine production.
22
Q
Aortic stenosis
A
An abnormal narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve, which prevents normal flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. The constriction may result from a congenital malformation or pathologic fusion of the valve cusps. Aortic stenosis cause
23
Q
Apgar score
A
A numerical evaluation of a neonate’s condition in which a rating of 0, 1, or 2 is assigned to each of five criteria: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responses, and skin color. The five scores are then combined: A score of 7 to 10 is c
24
Aphasia
Loss or impairment of the ability to communicate through speech, written language, or signs, resulting from brain disease or trauma.
25
Aphthous stomatitis
A recurring disease of unknown cause marked by the eruption of ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth. Also called canker sore.
26
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. When acute, appendicitis commonly necessitates an appendectomy to prevent perforation of the appendix and subsequent peritonitis.
27
Apraxia
Complete or partial inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motor impairment.
28
Asepsis
The absence of living, disease-producing organisms. Medical asepsis refers to the removal or destruction of disease organisms or infected material. Surgical asepsis refers to protection against infection before, during, or after surgery by means of steril
29
Asthma
A respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, bronchospasm, wheezing on expiration, and coughing. Conditions that may trigger an asthma attack include inhalation of allergens or pollutants, vigorous exercise, emotional s
30
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to coordinate voluntary muscle movement.
31
Atopic dermatitis
A skin inflammation occurring in individuals with a genetic predisposition to allergies, characterized by intense itching, maculopapular lesions, and excoriation (rash pattern varies with age but usually occurs on the face).
32
Auscultatory gap
Absence of Korotkoff sounds between phases I (onset of faint, clear tapping sound that gradually intensifies) and II (onset of swishing-like sound) while obtaining a blood pressure reading.
33
Autonomic dysreflexia
Reaction that may occur in clients with spinal cord injury above T6. Dysreflexia results in profuse diaphoresis, pounding headache, blurred vision, and dramatically elevated blood pressure. This life-threatening reaction may occur even from seemingly mino
34
Bacterial meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord caused by bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Escherichia coli.
35
Battle's sign
Discoloration of the skin behind the ear after the fracture of a bone in the lower skull.
36
Bipolar disorder
A mood disorder characterized by major depression and full manic episodes.
37
Body surface area
Means for calculating the amount of drug to be given to a client (typically a child) using a nomogram or for estimating the extent of a burn
38
Borderline personality disorder
A disorder characterized by unstable relationships, potentially self-damaging impulsiveness, difficulty in controlling anger, recurrent suicidal threats, and chronic feelings of boredom and emptiness.
39
Bradycardia
A slow but steady heartbeat at a rate of less than 60 beats per minute. Bradycardia is normal during sleep and in well-conditioned athletes. In other circumstances, it may indicate an abnormal condition, such as brain tumor or digitalis toxicity.
40
Braxton Hicks contraction
Light, painless, irregular uterine tightening during pregnancy, arising during the first trimester and increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity by the third trimester. Also called false labor. Strong Braxton Hicks contractions occurring near term
41
Bronchiolitis
A lung inflammation that usually begins in the terminal bronchioles, occurring mainly in infants and debilitated persons. Also called bronchopneumonia. Commonly, bronchiolitis results from upper respiratory infection, specific infectious fevers, and other
42
Brudzinski's sign
Flexion of the hips and knees in response to passive flexion of the neck; signals meningeal irritation.
43
Bruit
An abnormal vascular "swishing" sound heard on auscultation as a result of turbulent blood flow through dilated, irregular, torturous, or stenotic vessels.
44
Bulimia
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating that may end in self-induced vomiting, alternating with periods of normal eating or fasting. Depression and awareness of the abnormal behavior are part of this illness.
45
Cardiac output
The volume of blood ejected by the heart per minute (normally ranging from 4 to 8 L). Cardiac output equals the stroke volume (the difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume) multiplied by the heart rate.
46
Cardiogenic shock
A condition of low cardiac output that results from heart pump failure, such as in acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or severe cardiomyopathy.
47
Cardiomyopathy
Primary noninflammatory disease of the myocardium.
48
Catatonic
A stuporous or unresponsive state commonly characterized by an inability to move or talk.
49
Catecholamine
Any of a group of compounds having a sympathomimetic action and composed of a catechol molecule and the aliphatic portion of an amine. Some catecholamines are produced by the body and function as key neurologic chemicals. Others are synthesized as drugs f
50
Cauda equina
The aggregation of spinal roots, resembling the tail of a horse, that descend from the first lumbar vertebrae and occupy the vertebral canal below the cord.
51
Celiac disease
A chronic disease in which an individual can’t tolerate foods containing gluten or wheat protein. Signs and symptoms include abdominal distention, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle wasting, and extreme lethargy.
52
Cellulitis
An infection of deep subcutaneous tissue and sometimes muscle that may be associated with infection of an operative or traumatic wound. Cellulitis is characterized by local heat, pain, redness, and swelling.
53
Cerebral aneurysm
A saclike dilation of the wall of a cerebral artery, typically resulting from weakness of the wall. A cerebral, or berry, aneurysm usually occurs in the circle of Willis and is prone to rupture.
54
Cerebral contusion
A bruising of the brain tissue as a result of a severe blow to the head. A contusion disrupts normal nerve function in the bruised area and may cause loss of consciousness, hemorrhage, edema, and even death.
55
Cerebral palsy
A permanent disorder of motor function resulting from nonprogressive brain damage or a brain lesion. Cerebral palsy usually appears before age 3.
56
Chelation therapy
Administration of agents that bind to metals; administered to aid in the removal of excess metals, such as lead or iron in the body.
57
Chemotherapy
Treatment of a disease using chemicals that exert a toxic effect on the pathogen or abnormal cell growth.
58
Chest physiotherapy
An array of physical techniques, including postural drainage, chest percussion and vibration, and coughing and deep-breathing maneuvers. Chest physiotherapy is used to loosen and help eliminate lung secretions, reexpand lung tissue, and promote optimal us
59
Cholelithiasis
The presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder.
60
Cholinergic
1. Of or relating to nerve fibers that are stimulated to free acetylcholine at a synapse. 2. An agent that frees acetylcholine.
61
Chronic bronchitis
A persistent respiratory disease marked by increased production of mucus by the glands of the trachea and bronchi. This common disease is characterized by a cough (with expectoration) at least 3 months of the year for more than 2 consecutive years.
62
Chvostek's sign
A spasm of the facial muscles elicited by light taps on the facial nerve. This spasm signals tetany and is seen in clients with hypocalcemia.
63
Cirrhosis
A chronic, degenerative liver disease in which the lobes are covered with fibrous tissue, the liver parenchyma degenerates, and the lobules are infiltrated with fat.
64
Clinical depression
Syndrome characterized by persistent sadness and dysphoria accompanied by disturbances in sleep and appetite, lethargy, and an inability to experience pleasure.
65
Clubfoot
A congenital foot deformity in which the foot is twisted out of shape or position.
66
Cognitive development
Ability to learn from experience, gain and maintain knowledge, respond to new situations, and solve problems.
67
Compartment syndrome
A neurovascular complication commonly associated with fractures of the limb; constricting or occlusive dressings, sutures, or casts; poor positioning; and any injury causing ischemia, swelling, or bleeding into the tissues that ultimately can lead to perm
68
Compulsion
A ritualistic, repetitive, and involuntary defensive behavior.
69
Concussion
A violent shock or jarring, such as from an explosion or a blow. Concussion of the brain is characterized by loss of consciousness. Severe concussion may also cause impairment of brain stem functions.
70
Congenital hip dislocation
Improper formation and function of the hip socket, commonly involving subluxation (where the femoral head is high in the acetabulum) or dislocation (where the femoral head is above the acetabulum).
71
Consolidation
Solidification of the lungs that occurs with pneumonia.
72
Contracture
Abnormal flexion and fixation of a joint, possibly permanent, which is typically caused by muscle wasting and atrophy or by loss of normal skin elasticity such as from extensive scar tissue.
73
Conversion disorder
A disorder in which the client attempts to resolve a psychological conflict through the loss of a specific physical function -- for example, by paralysis, blindness, or inability to swallow.
74
Couvades
The experience of physical symptoms associated with pregnancy, such as nausea, vomiting, and backache, by the husband of a pregnant woman; the response often results from stress, anxiety, and empathy for the pregnant woman.
75
Crackles
Short, explosive or popping sounds usually heard during inspiration. They may be coarse (loud and low in pitch) or fine (less intense and high in pitch) and resemble the sounds heard when rolling hair between the fingers near the ear.
76
Crohn's disease
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause, usually involving the terminal ileum, with scarring and thickening of the bowel wall. Signs and symptoms include frequent episodes of diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, nausea, fever, chills, anorexia,
77
Croup
An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes acute upper airway obstruction. Characterized by stridor, a barking cough, and hoarseness, it primarily affects infants and young children ages 3 months to 3 years and follows an upper respirat
78
Crystalloid fluid
Clear solutions (usually in reference to I.V. solutions) containing electrolytes and water.
79
Cushing's syndrome
A metabolic disorder caused by chronic, excessive production of adrenocortical hormones or by prolonged high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. It’s characterized by such signs and symptoms as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dusky complexion with purple striae
80
Cystic fibrosis
An inherited disorder of the exocrine glands that affects multiple organ systems, causing such conditions as chronic pulmonary disease, pancreatic deficiency, sweat gland dysfunction, malabsorption, and liver obstruction.
81
Cystoscopy
Direct visualization of the urinary tract by inserting a cystoscope in the urethra.
82
Debridement
Removal of dead or damaged tissue or foreign material from a wound to prevent the growth of microorganisms and further damage and to promote healing.
83
Deceleration
A drop in baseline fetal heart rate as indicated by the fetal monitor. Early deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that coincides with uterine contraction. Variable deceleration is a drop in fetal heart rate that doesn't occur at a consistent point d
84
Deep vein thrombosis
A condition involving the development of a blood clot in the deep veins of the pelvis, groin, or legs that disrupts venous blood flow and leads to swelling and edema.
85
Dehiscence
The partial or complete separation of a wound's edges.
86
Delusions
False ideas or beliefs accepted as real by the client.
87
Denver Developmental Screening Test
An assessment tool used to evaluate the development of a child in four categories: personal social, fine motor-adaptive, language, and gross motor skills.
88
Dependent personality disorder
A disorder that begins in early adulthood and is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation.
89
Depolarization
Neutralization of electrical polarity; reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated. An example is the reduction of the ion differential of sodium and potassium across the nerve cells at the neuromuscular junction.
90
Diabetes insipidus
A metabolic disorder marked by extreme polyuria and polydipsia and resulting from deficient secretion or production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or inability of the renal tubules to respond to ADH. (Rarely, excessive water intake causes signs and symptom
91
Diabetes mellitus
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria resulting from inadequate production or utilization of insulin.
92
Diabetic ketoacidosis
An acute, life-threatening form of metabolic acidosis that may arise as a complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Accumulation of ketone bodies leads to urinary loss of water, potassium, ammonium, and sodium, resulting in hypovolemia, electrolyte
93
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
A life-threatening disorder of excessive clot formation caused by overstimulation of the body's clotting and anticlotting processes in response to disease or injury. Such overstimulation is followed by a deficiency in clotting factors with hypocoagulabili
94
Diuretic
1. Tending to increase the formation and excretion of urine. 2. An agent that promotes the formation and excretion of urine.
95
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of one or more diverticula, or saclike herniations, in the muscular layer of the colon.
96
Diverticulosis
The presence of saclike herniations through the muscular layer of the colon without accompanying inflammation. Most clients with this condition have few signs or symptoms except for occasional rectal bleeding.
97
Drip factor
An indication of the number of drops needed to obtain one milliliter of solution delivered by a manufacturer's I.V. tubing based on the drop size.
98
Dumping syndrome
A condition of nausea, weakness, profuse sweating, and dizziness occurring in clients who have had a subtotal gastrectomy. Signs and symptoms arise soon after eating when the contents of the stomach empty too rapidly into the duodenum. Also called postgas
99
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing, commonly resulting from obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus. Obstructive disorders, such as an esophageal tumor or lower esophageal ring, interfere with the ability to swallow solids; motor disturbances such as achalasia
100
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or labored breathing resulting from certain heart conditions, anxiety, or strenuous exercise.
101
Dystonic reaction
Severe tonic contractions of the muscles in the neck, mouth, and tongue; dystonic reaction is a common adverse reaction to antipsychotic drugs.
102
Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination, which is usually caused by a bacterial infection or an obstruction in the urinary tract.
103
Echolalia
Parrotlike and inappropriate repetition of another's words.
104
Ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity. Types of ectopic pregnancy are abdominal pregnancy, interstitial pregnancy, and tubal pregnancy.
105
Effacement
Shortening of the vaginal portion of the cervix and thinning of its walls during labor due to stretching and dilation caused by the fetus. Full effacement obliterates the constrictive neck of the uterus. The extent of effacement is expressed as a percenta
106
Elbow restraints
Type of restrictive device attached to the client's body at the elbow to restrict movement or access to another body part; may be applied after cleft palate repair to reduce the risk of injury to the suture line.
107
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
The induction of a brief seizure and loss of consciousness by applying a low-voltage alternating current to the brain through scalp electrodes. ECT is used in the treatment of affective disorders (primarily acute depression), especially in clients resista
108
Endocarditis
An abnormal condition of the endocardium and heart valves marked by vegetations on the valves and endocardium. It may occur as a primary disorder or arise in association with another disease.
109
Enteral
Referring to administration by mouth, rectum, or directly into the intestinal system.
110
Enteral feedings
Delivery of nutrients directly into the GI tract through a feeding tube.
111
Enteric precautions
A category-specific type of infection precautions established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention involving infections transmitted by intestinal secretions. These have since been replaced with standard precautions and transmission-based prec
112
Enuresis
Involuntary passage or release of urine after the age when bladder control would have been normally achieved.
113
Epiglottis
The lidlike, cartilaginous structure that overhangs the larynx and prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing.
114
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of the epiglottis. Acute epiglottitis, a severe form of the condition that primarily affects children, causes stridor, fever, sore throat, croupy cough, and a reddened, swollen epiglottis.
115
Epilepsy
A group of neurologic disorders marked by uncontrolled electrical discharge from the cerebral cortex and typically manifested by seizures with clouding of consciousness. Epilepsy is most commonly of unknown cause (idiopathic) but is sometimes associated w
116
Episiotomy
Surgical incision into the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening for delivery. It’s performed to prevent traumatic tearing of the perineum, to hasten or promote delivery, or to prevent stretching of perineal muscles and connective tissue.
117
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic anemia of the neonate caused by placental transmission of maternally formed antibodies against the incompatible antigens of fetal blood. It results from maternal-fetal blood group incompatibility, specifically involving the rhesus (Rh) factor an
118
Eschar
A thick scab or dry crust that appears after a thermal or chemical burn.
119
Esophageal atresia
A congenital anomaly involving closure of the esophagus at some point, often ending in a blind pouch.
120
exacerbation
An increase in the seriousness of a disease or disorder or in its signs and symptoms.
121
Extrapyramidal
1. Describing the tissues and structures of the brain located outside the pyramidal tract and not running through the medullary pyramid -- excluding the motor neurons, motor cortex, and corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. 2. Of or relating to the func
122
Extravasation
Escape, usually of blood, lymph, or I.V. solution, from a vessel into surrounding tissues.
123
Failure to thrive
Condition in which an infant's height and weight fall below the third percentile on a standard growth chart; also called reactive attachment disorder.
124
Fantasy play
Type of play involving imaginary playmates typically associated with preschoolers.
125
Febrile seizure
Typically, a tonic-clonic seizure of relatively short duration (usually less than 1 minute) occurring with an acute illness and fever.
126
Fifth disease
A contagious, relatively benign disease caused by the Parvovirus B19; most commonly occurs in children ages 2 to 12 and is characterized by a red rash on the cheeks. Also called erythema infectiosum.
127
Fontanel
A soft spot, such as the spaces covered by tough membranes remaining between the bones of an infant's skull.
128
full-term
Pregnancy that has continued for a period of 38 to 42 weeks.
129
Fundus
The base of an organ; the portion of a hollow organ farthest from its mouth, such as the fundus of the uterus.
130
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach and stomach lining.
131
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines that accompanies numerous GI disorders; characterized by anorexia, weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea.
132
Gastrostomy
Opening created into the stomach.
133
Gestational diabetes
The development of diabetes during pregnancy, usually during the second trimester.
134
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Failure of an embryo to develop beyond a primitive state due to proliferation and degeneration of the trophoblastic villi becoming filled with fluid and appearing as grape-sized vesicles Also called a hydatidiform mole, molar pregnancy.
135
Glaucoma
A group of eye diseases characterized by abnormally elevated pressure within the eye due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor.
136
Glomerular filtration rate
Rate at which the glomeruli in the kidneys filter blood (normally, 125 ml/minute).
137
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys.
138
Gout
A group of disorders associated with inborn errors of metabolism that affect purine and pyrimidine use; results in increased production of uric acid or interferes with its excretion. Manifested by hyperuricemia, recurrent acute inflammatory arthritis, dep
139
Graves' disease
A disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by pronounced thyrotoxicosis usually associated with an enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, or pretibial myxedema.
140
Hallucinations
Sensory perceptions that don't result from external stimuli and that occur during wakefulness.
141
Heart failure
Inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the tissues.
142
Hemarthrosis
Bleeding into a joint cavity.
143
Hematuria
The presence of blood in the urine.
144
Hemiparesis
Paralysis on one side of the body or a part of it that indicates an injury to the motor area of the brain.
145
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body.
146
Hemolytic reaction
Type of blood transfusion reaction occurring when the donor's blood is incompatible with the recipient's blood; the most serious type of transfusion reaction.
147
Hemophilia
A bleeding disorder characterized by a failure of the blood clotting mechanism. It’s an inherited condition occurring almost exclusively in males.
148
Hemoptysis
The coughing or spitting up of blood caused by hemorrhage in the lungs or bronchi. Minor amounts of blood may appear in the sputum of individuals with bronchitis or upper respiratory tract infections.
149
Hepatic encephalopathy
A serious complication of liver failure affecting a client's neurologic status; believed to result from the accumulation of toxins, such as ammonia, in the blood.
150
Hepatojugular reflux
Distention of the neck veins when manual pressure is applied over the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; it suggests heart failure.
151
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver.
152
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.
153
Hopelessness
State of severe despair associated with feelings of inadequacy and isolation, an inability to act on one's behalf, and a belief that the situation is highly unlikely to improve.
154
Hospice
A system of family-centered care using a multidisciplinary approach designed to assist the chronically ill person to maintain a satisfactory lifestyle through the terminal phases of dying.
155
Hydatidiform mole
A usually benign neoplasm that occurs at the end of a degenerating pregnancy and arises from enlarged chorionic villi and the proliferation of trophoblastic tissue.
156
Hydramnios
Presence of an excess volume of amniotic fluid during pregnancy.
157
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Severe and prolonged vomiting during pregnancy to such a degree that weight loss and an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes occur.
158
Hyperphosphatemia
Elevated serum level of phosphorus above 2.6 mEq/L or 4.5 mg/dl.
159
Hypersomnolence
Excessive sleepiness.
160
Hyperthyroidism
Disorder involving overproduction of thyroid hormone, leading to a metabolic imbalance.
161
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Primary disease of the cardiac muscle characterized by disproportionate, asymmetrical thickening of the interventricular septum, particularly in the anterior-superior region. Also called idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
162
Hypochondriasis
Preoccupation with the fear that one has a serious illness despite medical reassurance to the contrary; fear interferes with psychosocial functioning.
163
Iatrogenic
Introduced inadvertently by a medical practitioner or resulting from a diagnostic procedure or treatment.
164
Impetigo
A contagious, inflammatory skin infection that usually occurs on the face. Characterized by the appearance of small, itchy blisters that rupture and form a crusty scab; usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria or a combination of both ty
165
Induration
Area of hardened tissue.
166
Infection
The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within the body.
167
Intermittent claudication
Pain that occurs with activity or exercise but that is relieved with rest. This pain results from the body's inability to supply arterial blood (blood rich in nutrients) to the tissues that experience an increase in demand during exercise or activity.
168
Intussusception
Telescoping or invagination of a portion of the bowel into an adjacent portion; most commonly seen in infants.
169
Juvenile hypothyroidism
A condition involving a deficiency of thyroid hormone secretion in children.
170
Kawasaki disease
A febrile, multisystem disorder affecting the small to medium-size vessels, primarily of the lymph nodes, most commonly in children before puberty; usually follows exposure to an infection. Also called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.
171
Kegel exercises
Exercises involving alternate contraction and relaxation performed to strengthen the perineal muscles.
172
Kernicterus
A neurologic syndrome resulting from deposition of unconjugated bilirubin in the brain cells and characterized by severe neural symptoms.
173
Kussmaul's respirations
Abnormally deep, gasping type of respirations resulting from air hunger; associated with severe diabetic acidosis and coma.
174
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of the bony arches of one or more vertebrae; performed to relieve spinal cord compression or to remove a displaced intervertebral disk.
175
Lead poisoning
Poisoning caused by the ingestion or absorption of lead or one of its salts. Signs and symptoms include loss of appetite and weight, anemia, constipation, insomnia, headache, dizziness, irritability, a blue line at the margin of the gums, and peripheral n
176
Lethargy
A feeling or condition of sluggishness, apathy, or inactivity.
177
Lochia alba
A creamy white, brown, or colorless discharge consisting mainly of serum and white blood cells; typically stops flowing at about 6 weeks postpartum.
178
Lochia rubra
Present during the first 3 to 4 postpartal days; it’s bloody and may contain mucus, tissue, debris, and small clots.
179
Lochia serosa
A pink or brownish discharge persisting for 5 to 7 days postpartum.
180
Lymphedema
Edema of an arm or leg caused by the buildup of interstitial fluid as a result of lymphatic inflammation or obstruction or a lymph node disorder.
181
Mastitis
Inflammation of the mammary gland; usually caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection and infrequent breast-feeding.
182
Megaloblastic anemia
A hematologic disorder that is characterized by the production and peripheral proliferation of megaloblasts.
183
Mitral stenosis
Obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle due to thickening and contracting of the mitral valve leaflets; consequently, left atrial volume and pressure rise and the chamber dilates. Greater resistance to blood flow causes pulmon
184
Muscular dystrophy
A group of degenerative genetic diseases characterized by weakness and the progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles with no evidence of nervous system involvement.
185
Myalgia
Diffuse muscle pain or tenderness associated with many infectious diseases.
186
Myasthenia gravis
An abnormal muscle weakness and fatigability, especially in the muscles of the face and throat, resulting from a defect in the conduction of nerve impulses at the myoneural junction.
187
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
A contagious respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, characterized by a sore throat, dry cough, fever, malaise, and myalgia.
188
Myeloma
Osteolytic neoplasm consisting of a protrusion of cells typical of the bone marrow.
189
Myelomeningocele
The protrusion of a hernial sac containing a portion of the spinal cord, its meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid through a congenital defect in the vertebral column.
190
Necrotizing enterocolitis
GI disorder commonly associated with premature infants and characterized by diffuse or patchy intestinal necrosis and sometimes accompanied by sepsis.
191
Negative nitrogen balance
Increased rate of protein breakdown when compared to protein synthesis; nitrogen excretion that exceeds nitrogen intake.
192
Neglect
A form of abuse involving the failure to protect a person from injury or meet the person's physical, emotional, or medical needs.
193
Nephritic syndrome
A clinical classification including all kidney diseases characterized by marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
194
Nystagmus
Involuntary, rapid movements of the eyeball that may be horizontal, rotatory, vertical, or mixed.
195
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
A disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors that represent recurring efforts to control overwhelming anxiety, guilt, or unacceptable impulses that persistently enter the consciousness.
196
Oliguria
A diminished flow of urine in relation to fluid intake; usually less than 400 ml in 24 hours. Also called hypouresis.
197
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Eye infection occurring at birth or in the first month; most commonly caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia.
198
Opioids
Opium-derived or synthetically produced drugs that alter pain perception, induce mental changes, promote deep sleep, depress respirations, constrict pupils, and decrease GI motility.
199
Osteomalacia
Delayed or poor mineralization of bone; the adult equivalent of rickets. This condition is associated with anorexia, fracture, pain, weakness, and weight loss.
200
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone that results from a local or general infection of bone and bone marrow. The bacterial infection is caused by trauma or surgery, by direct extension from a nearby infection, or by introduction from the bloodstream.
201
Otorrhea
A discharge from the ear, which may be serous, sanguineous, or purulent if the external or middle ear is infected.
202
Ototoxicity
Harmful effect on the function of the eighth cranial nerve or hearing organs; most commonly associated with prescribed drugs.
203
Paget's disease
A common bone disease that usually affects middle-aged and elderly people. It’s marked by inflammation of the bones, softening and thickening of the bones, excessive bone destruction, and unorganized bone repair; the result is bowing of the long bones. Th
204
Pancreatitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas.
205
Paralytic ileus
A decrease in or absence of bowel motility that may occur following abdominal surgery or may be caused by numerous other conditions, most commonly by peritonitis.
206
Paranoid schizophrenia
Disorder involving disordered thinking with delusional thought content characterized by preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations, lack of organized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or flat or inappropriate affect.
207
Paraplegia
An abnormal condition characterized by the loss of sensation and motor function in the lower limbs, which may result in either complete or incomplete paralysis.
208
Parenteral
Not in or through the digestive system, but rather by injection through some other route, such as subcutaneously, I.V., I.M., or intradermally.
209
Paresthesia
Abnormal or heightened touch sensations, such as burning, numbness, prickling, and tingling, that commonly occur without external stimulus.
210
Perceptions
Awareness of objects and the ability to differentiate between them.
211
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium; may be caused by trauma, neoplasm, infection, uremia, myocardial infarction, or collagen disease.
212
Pernicious anemia
A megaloblastic anemia characterized by decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid from the parietal cells of the stomach essential for vitamin B12 absorption; results in vitamin B12 deficiency.
213
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
An inborn metabolic disorder caused by absence or deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine; results in accumulation of phenylalanine and its metabolites, causing mental retardation and
214
Placenta accrete
Abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall.
215
Placenta previa
Implantation of the placenta so that it adjoins or covers the internal os of the uterine cervix. The most common symptom is painless hemorrhage in the last trimester.
216
Pneumonia
An acute infection of the lung parenchyma that commonly impairs gas exchange.
217
Polydipsia
Chronic, excessive thirst.
218
Polyphagia
Voracious or excessive eating before becoming satiated.
219
Polyuria
The excessive excretion of urine from the kidneys.
220
Preeclampsia
An abnormal condition characterized by the development of hypertension during pregnancy, accompanied by edema or proteinuria, usually after the 20th week of gestation.
221
Preterm neonate
A neonate born before the beginning of the 38th week of pregnancy.
222
Primigravid
A woman who is pregnant for the first time.
223
Prinzmetal's angina
A variant of angina pectoris, a form of unstable angina, in which the attacks occur during rest. Attacks are indicated by an ST-segment elevation on an electrocardiogram.
224
Projection
False attribution of one's unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts onto another.
225
Pruritus
Itching; an unpleasant sensation that leads to rubbing or scratching the skin in an effort to obtain relief. Scratching the skin may lead to secondary infection.
226
Pseudoparkinsonism
The development of a Parkinson-like disorder (neuromuscular disorder involving progressive muscle rigidity, akinesia, and involuntary tremors) due to psychotropic drug therapy.
227
Pulmonary edema
An abnormal condition in which extravascular fluid is accumulated in lung tissues and alveoli.
228
Pulse pressure
The numeric difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, usually 30 to 40 mm Hg.
229
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis.
230
Pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine, commonly a sign of urinary tract infection.
231
Reaction formation
Substitution of behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are completely opposed to one's own unacceptable behavior, thoughts, or feelings.
232
Reflection
A technique in which the listener interprets the feelings of the client and repeats them back to the client; encourages the client to clarify his feelings.
233
Repolarization
Part of the cardiac conduction cycle in which the cell returns to its resting state, a more negatively charged state. Calcium ions move into the cell and potassium ions move out, followed by the extrusion of sodium and calcium ions from the cell and the r
234
Reye's syndrome
Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the internal organs following acute viral infections, such as influenza B, chickenpox (varicella), the enteroviruses, and the Epstein-Barr virus; has also been associated in children with administration of as
235
Rh incompatibility
In hematology: two blood groups that are antigenically different and, therefore, aren't compatible because one group lacks the Rh factor.
236
Rheumatic fever
An inflammatory disease sometimes occurring if group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection is inadequately treated.
237
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic, systemic collagen disease marked by inflammation, stiffness, and pain in the joints and related structures that result in crippling deformities.
238
Rooting reflex
A response in neonates to the cheek being touched or stroked. The infant turns the head toward the stimulated side and begins to suck. The reflex usually disappears by 3 to 4 months of age.
239
Russell traction
An orthopedic device that combines suspension and traction to align and immobilize the legs; used to treat diseases of the hip and knee and fractured femurs as well as hip and knee contractures.
240
Scabies
A contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei.
241
Schizotypal personality disorder
A disorder characterized by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning in early adulthood.
242
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral curvature of the spine resulting from numerous causes, including congenital malformations of the spine, muscle paralysis, poliomyelitis, sciatica, and unequal leg length.
243
Sensory perceptions
Awareness of one's surroundings through the use of vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
244
Shock
An abnormal physiologic state characterized by reduced cardiac output, circulatory insufficiency, tachycardia, hypotension, restlessness, pallor, and diminished urinary output. Shock may be caused by a variety of conditions, including trauma, infection, h
245
Sickle cell anemia
A chronic and incurable hereditary disorder occurring in people homozygous for hemoglobin S (Hb S). The presence of Hb S results in distortion and fragility of erythrocytes.
246
Sickle cell crisis
Episode of widespread cellular sickling in which the client's red blood cells containing hemoglobin S are exposed to conditions in which oxygen supply to the cells is decreased. This leads to cellular contraction and piling within the cell, altering the s
247
Simple fracture
An uncomplicated, closed bone fracture in which the skin isn't broken.
248
Somatoform pain
Development of the symptom of pain as a result of psychological stress.
249
Spinal shock
Loss of autonomic reflex, motor, and sensory activity below the level of a lesion. Signs of spinal shock include flaccid paralysis, loss of deep tendon and perianal reflexes, and loss of motor and sensory function.
250
Standard precautions
Infection control guidelines established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requiring all health care personnel to use gloves, gowns, and goggles to prevent contact with a client's blood or body fluids and to adhere to strict safety measure
251
Status asthmaticus
A severe and prolonged asthma attack in which bronchospasm fails to respond to oral medication, sometimes resulting in hypoxia, cyanosis, and unconsciousness.
252
Stridor
A high-pitched respiratory sound, usually heard during inspiration, caused by an obstruction of the trachea or larynx.
253
Stroke
A condition of sudden onset in which a cerebral blood vessel is occluded by an embolus or cerebrovascular hemorrhage. The resulting ischemia of brain tissue that is normally perfused by the affected vessel may lead to permanent neurologic damage.
254
Subdural hematoma
A condition involving the collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain.
255
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
The sudden, unexpected, and inexplicable death of an infant who appears to be healthy. It occurs during sleep, typically in infants between the ages of 3 weeks and 5 months. Also called crib death.
256
Sympathomimetics
Group of drugs that mimic the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.
257
Synchronized cardioversion
Delivery of an electrical shock to the client in conjunction with the R wave on his ECG, just as the heart muscle contracts. Delivery is timed to avoid the T wave because an electrical discharge at this time may cause ventricular fibrillation.
258
Synergistic effect
Administration of two drugs producing the same qualitative effect together to produce a greater response than either drug alone.
259
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
A chronic inflammatory multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes.
260
Tactile fremitus
Vibration in the chest wall that can be felt when a hand is applied to the thorax while the patient is speaking. It's most commonly due to consolidation of a lung or a part of a lung but may also be caused by congestion, inflammation, or infection.
261
Tardive dyskinesia
A neurological syndrome marked by slow, rhythmical, automatic movements that occur as an adverse effect of extended phenothiazine use.
262
Tension pneumothorax
A condition in which air enters the pleural space through a tear in lung tissue but can't exit through the same vent, thereby trapping air in the pleural space with each inspiration and producing positive pleural pressure. This in turn causes the ipsilate
263
Tetany
Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles as a result of a lessened concentration of extracellular ionized calcium; symptoms include convulsions, muscle twitching and cramps, and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints.
264
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital cardiac defects consisting of pulmonic stenosis, interventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta so that it overrides the interventricular septum and receives venous as well as arterial blood, and right ventricular
265
Thrombocytopenia
A reduction in the number of blood platelets; usually caused by destruction of erythroid tissue in bone marrow. The condition may be a result of neoplastic disease or an immune response to a drug.
266
Thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein, often involving clot formation. Common causes include chemical irritation, blood hypercoagulability, immobilization, infection, postoperative venous stasis, prolonged sitting or standing, trauma to the vessel wall, or a long period
267
Tonic-clonic seizure
Paroxysmal, uncontrolled discharge of central nervous system neurons extending to the entire brain and characterized by stiffening (tonic phase) and then rapid synchronous muscle jerking and hyperventilation (clonic phase). Also called a major or grand ma
268
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Abnormal opening between the esophagus and trachea that may lead to aspiration.
269
Trendelenburg's position
Position in which the client's head is lower than the trunk; typically, the body and legs are elevated on an incline.
270
Trousseau's sign
An assessment technique for evaluating neuromuscular irritability (tetany) associated with hypocalcemia. When Trousseau's sign is positive, the client develops a carpopedal spasm (adducted thumb, flexed wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints, and extended i
271
Type 1 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, usually occurring before age 30 and requiring the use of exogenous insulin and dietary management. Also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
272
Type 2 diabetes
An endocrine disorder involving disturbances in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; characterized by insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects. May be treated with diet, exercise, and oral antidiabetic agents. Exogenous i
273
Type 2 herpes simplex
A type of herpes simplex virus transmitted primarily through contact with genital secretions and affecting the genital structures.
274
Ulcerative colitis
A chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon of unknown cause in which there is abdominal cramping, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea containing blood, pus, and mucus.
275
Vaso-occlusive crisis
The most common type of sickle cell crisis resulting from blood vessel obstruction by rigid, tangled sickle cells leading to tissue anoxia and possibly necrosis. Also called a painful crisis or infarctive crisis.
276
Vastus lateralis
The largest of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps femoris; located on the outside of the thigh, extending from the hip joint to the common quadriceps tendon and inserted in the patella; extends the leg.
277
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
An abnormal opening in the septum separating the ventricles, usually resulting from failure of the fetal interventricular foramen to close; results in blood flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle and recirculation of blood through the pulmona
278
Ventricular tachycardia
A life-threatening arrhythmia that occurs when the ventricles produce several premature ventricular contractions in succession; usually due to a problem with the heart's conduction system and increased myocardial contractility.
279
Vertigo
A sensation of movement in which the client feels himself revolving in space (subjective vertigo) or his surroundings revolving about him (objective vertigo); may result from diseases of the inner ear or from disturbances of the vestibular pathways in the
280
Vesicle
1. Any small anatomic sac that contains liquid. 2. A small blister that contains clear fluid.
281
Wet-to-dry dressings
Type of wound covering (dressing) in which gauze moistened with normal saline is applied wet to the wound and removed once the gauze becomes dry and adheres to the wound bed; used for debridement.
282
Wilms' tumor
A rapidly growing malignant kidney tumor that occurs most commonly in children younger than age 5, although it sometimes develops before birth. Rare cases occur later in life. Also called adenomyosarcoma.
