Knowledge Check (Learning Goals 11-20)

Question 1

Know the general rates (%) of activity and inactivity.

Answer 1

10-15% of adults report engaging in regular,
vigorous exercise. (Less if device-based assessment)

~25-30% of adults characterized as sedentary

Question 2

Know the relationship between age and physical activity.

Answer 2

Physical inactivity increases as a function of age for both men and women.

Question 3

Know the relationship between gender and physical activity.

Answer 3

More pronounced in adolescence
* 50% of boys are sufficiently active
* 32% of girls are sufficiently active

Exist in amount of activity and mode of activity

• Males participate in more vigorous and strength-related activity

Question 4

Know the relationship between race/ethnicity and physical activity.

Answer 4

US Statistics
* Non-Caucasian ethnic
groups show a trend toward
lower levels of PA

• Lower rates of regular
  LTPA behavior for African
  Americans (29%) and
  Hispanics (28%)

Question 5

Know the relationship between socio-economic status and physical activity.

Answer 5

Tendency for less PA with lower levels of income

Question 6

Distinguish between mortality and morbidity and the relationship of physical activity to each.

Answer 6

Morbidity (rate of disease & disability)

CHD
* Declining, but 15.5 million still suffer
* 1.5 million experience heart attacks

High Blood Pressure
* >100 million US adults suffer

Adult-Onset Diabetes
* >30 million Americans have this disease
* Obesity (BMI≥30 kg·m-2)
* Prevalence (2013-14): men=35.0%, women=40.4%
* Overall: 1999-2000=30.5%, 2013-2014=37.7%, 2024=42.9%

Physically active/fit people outlive
sedentary/unfit counterparts

• Meta-analysis of prospective studies,
  ~47,500 adults, ~3,000 deaths
• Taking more steps per day associated
  with progressively lower risk of all-cause
  mortality
• Risk reduction begins with far fewer
  steps: ~3,000 for adults >60 yrs, ~5,000
  for adults <60 yrs
• Benefits occur at levels far below the
  “recommended” 10,000 steps per day

Question 7

Describe the nature of the “classic” epidemiological studies of physical activity and morbidity/mortality.

Answer 7

More active people are less at risk for morbidity, chronic disease and disability, and premature death.

Question 8

Distinguish between a theory and a model and explain why theory is important.

Answer 8

Model
* Visual representation of a phenomenon or behavior; no explanation

Theory
* Explains why a behavior or phenomenon occurs
* Allows an explanation about some aspect of a phenomenon that permits inferences and/or predictions to be made about future
happenings

IMPORTANT:
* Enables organization of variables and data in coherent manner

• Provides a conceptual framework for grouping findings into logical units
  Standardizes terminology

Allows prediction of PA behavior
* Give scientific validation from which to formulate effective behavioral interventions /Identifies gaps in knowledge

Question 9

Know how motivation is defined, what it determines, and the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

Answer 9

Motivation
* Degree of direction and intensity of a behavior
* Often defined by behavior itself
* Motivation (thus behavior) determined by:
* Expected behavioral outcome
* Value (importance) placed on that predicted outcome
* Motivation = Expectancy x Value

Physical Activity (PA) behavior is influenced by:
* Human cognition (person)
* expectations, intentions, beliefs, attitudes
* External stimuli (environment)
* social pressures, experiences

Question 10

Know the relationship between education and physical activity.

Answer 10

Some evidence that PA positively linked with the level of education