Knowledge of semantic memory

Question 1

A fundemental unit of symbolic knowledge and a mental representation of a catergory is known as….

Answer 1

A concept

Question 2

An idea about something that provides a means of understanding the world is known as the symbolic knowledge of a concept. True or False?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

A category is a class of similar things? True or false?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Objects and entities that share an essential core or similarities in properties is known as?

Question 5

Objects and entities that share an essential core or similarities in properties is known as?

Answer 5

A category

Question 6

Can stimuli that can be treated in an equivalent manner in a category?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

What are the different types of categories and concepts?

Answer 7

1. Natural categories
2. Artefact categories
3. Nominal concetps
4. Ad-hoc catergories

Question 8

Groupings that occur naturally in the world and are relatively stable are known as? and what is an example?

Answer 8

Natural categories e.g birds, dogs, trees

Question 9

What is artefact categories?

Answer 9

Stable groupings invented by humans and groups to perform a function or task. e.g kitchen appliances, vehicles, stationary

Question 10

What is nominal concepts?

Answer 10

Precise definitions e.g odd numbers

Question 11

Various things that are grouped together, but do not belong in the same category is known as ?

Answer 11

Ad-hoc categories e.g garage sale items. Not stable and often tied to an event

Question 12

Concepts and categories are mean to …….. knowlege in…….

Answer 12

organise
LTM
e.g declarative or semantic knowledge

Question 13

Concepts do now provide us with a wealth of information about an item. True or False

Answer 13

False, they do provide us with knowledge

Question 14

Categories allow us to identify the ………….. of a particular item

Answer 14

special characteristics

Question 15

What are the theoretical approaches to categorisation in defining the organisation of our knowledge in LTM

Answer 15

1. Common features (essential features/defining features)
2. Prototype approach
3. Exemplar approach
4. Semantic approach

Question 16

What are the 3 criteria for organisational structure of semantic knowledge?

Answer 16

1. Cognitive economy - grouping of concepts
2. Informativeness -
3. Coherence - similarities in objects

Question 17

A…….. is ……. by its defining features and attributes?

Answer 17

category
chracteristics

Question 18

What the 2 aspects of defining features?

Answer 18

Intension: attributes that define membership e.g bachelor single, male, adult
Extention: set of entities that are members e.g all adult males

Question 19

What are the common features theoretical approach?

Answer 19

Concepts defined by essential common features. Sometimes difficult in classifying items

Question 20

Are common features difficult to establish?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

An abstract representation of a typical member of a category is a?

Answer 21

Prototype

Question 22

Concepts that are represented not by features but by mental prototypes or an idealised representation of a category are known as ?

Answer 22

Prototypes,

Question 23

Concepts that are represented not by features but by mental prototypes or an idealised representation of a category are known as?

Answer 23

Prototypes,

Question 24

Concepts that are represented not by features but by mental prototypes or an idealised representation of a category are known as?

Answer 24

Prototypes,

Question 25

...... are categories that cannot be easily defined. e.g ........

Answer 25

Fuzzy monster, games

Question 26

Family resemblances do not have identical features? True or False

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Categories have a ...... structure

Answer 27

graded

Question 28

If Items that are judged easily as members of category over atypical items this is known as the .....

Answer 28

typicality effect

Question 29

......-prototypicality is when category members closely resemble a category prototype. E.g bird = robin typical

Answer 29

High

Question 30

A category member that does not closely resemble a category prototype is known as?

Answer 30

Low-prototypicality e.g bird = penguin

Question 31

Are prototypical objects processed preferentially?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

What is an exampler approach?

Answer 32

concepts that are represented by multiple examples rather than just a single prototype

Question 33

In examplar approach of categorisation, example are not actual category members? True or False

Answer 33

False, they are actual category members

Question 34

How do we organise concepts? 3 levels

Answer 34

Superordinate: most general e.g furniture Basic: Intermediate level e.g chair, lamp, table Subordinate: specific types e.g kitchen chair, bedside lamp

Question 35

According to knowledge-based approaches, the processing of a concept depends on ....

Answer 35

1. Causal relationships between features 2. The context in which the concept in being considered

Question 36

Tanake et al., fond that experts in certain fields use ....... category names rather than basic-level catergory names

Answer 36

subordinate

Question 37

Spreading of activation is.....

Answer 37

activation that is aroused by a level of a node which causes an activation spread to related nodes, resulting in richer meaning of concepts

Question 38

In a semantic network,......... links connect for a less closely related concepts

Answer 38

Longer

Question 38

In a semantic network,......... links connect to closely related concepts

Answer 38

shorter

Question 39

Schema are ...

Answer 39

a set of related propositions which form typical knowledge about the world

Question 40

What is consistency bias?

Answer 40

exaggerated consistencies between our past and present feelings and beliefs