Learning and Long Term Memory Flashcards
What is long-term memory
It is the archive of information about past events and knowledge learned
Works closely with working memory
Can be from a few moments ago to as far back as one can remember
What is intentional learning?
The deliberate and conscious purposeful learning where the information is retained e.g learning a new language
What is incidental learning?
Learning that is unplanned, it develops while engaging in a task or activity, involves a degree of consciousness e.g learning layout of a new house, learning face of person, tutors incidentally learning where students sit in a room
What is explicit learning? out
Learning achieved with full conscious awareness of what has been learned e.g maths formulas, studying for an exam
What is implicit learning? in
Learning that has no conscious awareness of what is being learned e.g brushing teeth, typing on a keyboard, singing a familiar song
How is implicit learning assessed?
Serial Reaction Time Task - stimulus appears in complex repeating sequences and participant is unaware of this = they learn it unconsciously. (faster reaction times across trials)
If new novel sequence = slower RT
What were Reber 1993 major 5 differences explicit and implicit learning?
- Robustness - implicit unaffected by disorders
- Age independence - implicit learning less influenced by age
- Low variability -
- IQ independence - implicit less effected
- Commonality of process
What is involved in shallow processing?
- Little attention to the meaning
- Focus more on the physical features
- Results in poor memory
Memory, according to the Craik and Lockhart 1972 level of processing theory depends on?
how information is encoded
What is involved in Deep processing?
- Close attention is paid to the meaning
- Semantic anaysis
- Results in better memory
What is the Word-fragment task?
Participants were asked to look at words or read a passage and then later asked to complete a set of words with missing letters. If words read earlier performance was better in filling in missing letters
Good performance when word had been read, however no deep-level processing = Implicit learning
What is the two systems of long-term memory?
- Declarative Memory - Able to recall memories
- Non-declarative Memory - Unable to recall memory but can express through performance
What are the two components of Non-declarative memory?
Procedural memory and Other forms of implicit memory
What is procedural memory?
Memory from motor skills associated with a particular procedure. No memory of where we learned it but can perform procedures without being consciously aware of it e.g unlocking a door,
What are the three components of declarative memory?
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
- Autobiographical memory
What is episodic memory?
Memories of past events that have happened. Remembering the what, where, when
Is episodic memory susceptible to errors and illusions?
Yes
What is semantic memory?
Everything we know such as facts, general knowledge, concepts, and language
Conscious awareness at the time of learning but forgetting that occurs towards the end is known as….
Retrospective problem
Do patients with amnesia have difficulties with implicit or explicit learning?
More problems with explicit learning
Craik & Tulving (1975) Recognition performance at encoding involved 3 components….SID
- Shallow grapheme task: decide if word is upper or lowercase
- Intermediate grapheme task: decide whether each word rhymes with a target word
- Deep semantic: decide whether each word fits a sentence containing a blank
Challis et a.,1996 asked if levels of ……….. was limited to ………. learning
- Processing
- Explicit
Is semantic information intertwined with episodic memory?
Sometimes - but still two separate systems
Evidence of this in people with amnesia
In amnesia which memory system is impaired?
Episodic memory but semantic memory intact
