Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHCY 310 > L 53 HF background > Flashcards

L 53 HF background Flashcards

1
Q

Blood flow between the atria and ventricles is controlled by the …?

A

Atrioventricular valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Flow out of the ventricles is controlled by the … and …?

A

Flow out of the ventricles is controlled by the pulmonary valve and aortic valve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dyspnoea/dyspnoeic?

A

Difficulty breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tachycardia?

A

Rapid heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tachypnoea/tachypnoeic?

A

Rapid breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Patient: dyspnoeic, tachypnoeic, tachycardic, increased swelling of ankles and lower legs, fatigue, difficulty completing usual daily tasks.
Diagnosis:?

A

Heart failure!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In heart failure, cardiac output is reduced due to ..?

A

In heart failure, cardiac output is reduced due to impaired cardiac function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the types of heart failure?

A
  1. Systolic heart failure/reduced ejection fraction

2. Diastolic heart failure/prserved ejection fraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain the 2 types of heart failure?

A

HFrEF: ejection fraction <40%, occurs in 2/3 of HF patients. Systolic
HFpEF: ejection fraction >50%, occurs in 1/3 of HF patients. Diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How can you have HF with normal EF?

A

CO = HR x SV
EF = SV/EDV
In HF, if HR remains the same, but SV is reduced, EF will decrease.
BUT, if EDV is reduced (by reduced ventricular filling) then EF will appear normal, but CO will be reduced overall so patient will still have HF.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If SV is 50mL, and EDV is 140mL, then EF = ….

A

35%
EF = SV/EDV
50/140 = 0.357 x100 = 35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If SV is 50 mL, but EDV is 90mL, then EF = …

A

56%
EF = SV/EDV
50/90=0.55 x 100 = 55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

What is it also known as?

A

Congestion refers to the leakage of fluid into the lungs, liver and peripheries due to backflow.
AKA = Acute decompensated heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Congestive heart failure
Lung symptoms are more common with … ventricular failure.
Systemic symptoms are more common with … ventricular failure?

A

Lung symptoms are more common with left ventricular failure. (Think L = left = lungs)
Systemic symptoms are more common with right ventricular failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the heart compensate for a decrease in CO? x4

A
  • Increased preload via RAAS
  • Vasoconstriction via RAAS and increased vasopressin
  • Tachycardia and increased contractility via SNS
  • Ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Causes vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why does the heart increase preload?
What effects does this have?
Get thinking!

A

Decreased CO = the kidneys think there is less volume passing through. Therefore they increase preload (volume)
Preload inc –> SV increases in ventricles –> congestion in a failing heart (backflow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tachycardia means there is …. for the ventricles to …

A

Tachycardia = less time for ventricles to fill.

Increases risk of arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the impacts of increased preload? x2

A 
Increased SV and venous return (good)
Increased congestion (bad)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the impacts of increased vasoconstriction? x2

A 
Maintains BP and perfusion when CO decreases (good)
Increases afterload (bad)
21
Q

What are the impacts of increased contractility and tachycardia? x4

A
  • Increased HR and CO (good)

- Shortened diastolic filling time, B1 receptor downregulation, increased ventricular arrhythmias (bad)

22
Q

What are the impacts of ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling? x3

A 
Increased CO (good)
Decreased filling and contraction force, increased ventricular arrhythmias (bad)
23
Q

Risk factors of hart failure x8

A
  • IHD
  • Hypertension
  • Valvular defects
  • Obesity and T2DM
  • AF
  • Alcoholism
  • Use of amphetamines or anabolic steroids
  • some cancer chemotherapies
24
Q

3 classes of medicines implicated in HF

A

Negative inotropes
Cytotoxics
Sodium and H2O retention drugs

25
Examples of negative inotropes x3 | Example x1 of Na+ and H2O retention drugs
Negative inotropes: flecainide, B blockers, verapamil H2O and Na+ retention: NSAIDs Negative inotropic = decreased contraction
26
Signs and symptoms of heart failure
- Congestion (develops behind the failing ventricle. Patients with congestion often have both-sides HF) - Decreased organ perfusion (therefore decreased renal output, mental confusion - less nutrients/O2, cold extremities) - Tachycardia
27
What symptoms come with left sided HF?
Lung issues: cough, dyspnoea, orthopnoea, tachypnoea
28
Orthopnoea
Dyspnoea when lying flat
29
What symptoms come with right sided HF?
Peripheral oedema (weight gain), hepatomegaly, fatigue, elevation of jugular venous distention
30
What is hepatomegaly
An abnormal enlargement of the liver
31
What is jugular venous distention? | What is it a measure of?
Increased pressure in the superior vena cava causing the jugular vein (side of neck) to bulge a lot more than it should. An indirect measure of central venous pressure
32
Diagnostic measures of heart failure x6
- Elevated brain natriuretic peptide - ECG (myocardial ischaemia, AF, bradycardia, LVH) - Serum creatinine - Hb conc - CXR (looking for cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion) - Echocardiogram
33
What are the 4 stages of HF classification?
I, II, III, and IV I being the lowest classification, and IV being the most serious classification (unable to carry on physical activity without discomfort, and symptoms present at rest)
34
Serum creatinine is .. due to renal hypoperfusion. | CKD can cause ...
Serum creatinine is INCREASED due to renal HYPOperfusion. | CKD can cause HYPERvolaemia
35
Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterised by a decrease in ...
EF is usually decreased but can look normal in... Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterised by a decrease in CO EF is usually decreased but can look normal in HFpEF
36
Signs and symptoms of HF relate to ... and ...
Congestion and organ hypofusion
37
Although ... failure is common, ... ... eventually fail
Although left ventricular failure is common, both ventricles eventually fail
38
HF is a complication of many diseases, notably ... and ...
HF is a complication of many diseases, notable IHD and HTN
39
Compensatory mechanisms for HF include ... | However, these eventually...
Preload increase, vasoconstriction, tachycardia, ventricular remodelling. However these eventually make matters worse
40
Which ventricle failure is more common? | What will most often cause the other ventricle to fail too?
Left ventricular failure is most common. | COPD/lung disease for a long time can cause right ventricle to fail too.
41
Patients become tachycardic because their hearts are ...
Their hearts are trying to compensate for a decreased cardiac output (from impaired squeezing function in HF)
42
SV is a function of ...
ESV and EDV
43
Usually, what is the first organ to fail?
Kidneys
44
HFrEF is known as gives a ... ejection fraction, and HFpEF gives a ... ejection fraction.
HFrEF is known as gives a low ejection fraction, and HFpEF gives a normal ejection fraction.
45
HFrEF stands for ... HFpEF stands for ... What is EF? How can you get 100% EF?
HFrEF stands for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction HFpEF stands for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Ejection fraction is a % of how much blood is pumped out with each contraction. You can't get 100% EF, there will always be a small amount of residual blood left.
46
What could cause EDV to be lower?
Thickened ventricles means they don't hold as much blood (more wall = less space) therefore EDV decreases
47
In right ventricular heart failure, there is backflow into the .. In left ventricular heart failure, there is backflow into the …?
``` Right = backflow into lungs causing leakage into lungs Left = backflow into vena cava causing pooling in legs ```
48
Right sided HF is a complication of ...
COPD

PHCY 310 (65 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions