L VII, C VIII

Question 1

Tanzi, Hebb -

Cajal -

Answer 1

Tanzi, Hebb - alterations of existing connections

Cajal - forming new connections

Question 2

Right hemisphere versus left hemisphere

Answer 2

Right - (spatial) understanding of world, creating images and visualizations.
Left hemisphere - verbal and cognitive processes.

Question 3

Sulcus versus gyrus

Answer 3

Groove versus ridge

Question 4

Anterograde versus retrograde amnesia

Answer 4

Anterograde amnesia = inability to form new memories.

Retrograde amnesia = inability to remember pre-lesion memories.

Question 5

3 areas in the diencephalon:

Answer 5

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (hypofyse)

Question 6

Korsakov syndrome =

Answer 6

Anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to thiamine deficits (vitamin B1).

Damage to dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus and mammalliary bodies.

Question 7

Damage to … impairs declarative memory but not WM.

Damage to … impairs WM but not declarative memory.

Answer 7

Medial temporal lobe (MTL/BA21/BA38)

Left temporoparietal lobe

Question 8

Damage to … impairs declarative but not non-declarative memory.
Damage to … impairs non-declarative but not declarative memory.

Answer 8

MTL (BA21/BA38)

Occipital lobe

Question 9

Declarative memory =

Non-declarative memory =

Answer 9

Declarative memory = knowledge, facts, events.

Non-declarative memory = skills, habits, priming, conditioning.

Question 10

Semantic dementia =

Answer 10

Loss of semantic memory in both verbal and non-verbal domains.
Loss of word meaning, loss of matching words to meanings.

Question 11

Direct priming =

Indirect priming =

Answer 11

Direct priming = prime and target stimuli are the same.

Indirect priming = prime and target stimuli are similar.

Question 12

Perceptual priming =

Answer 12

Prime and target are perceptually related, e.g., envelope + e_v_l_p_

Different brain system than declarative memory: MTL damage = impaired episodic (familiarity) but not perceptual.

Might depend on sensory systems: occipital damage = impaired perceptual but not episodic.

Question 13

Repetition suppression effect =

Answer 13

Decreased neural activation due to repeated presentations of a stimulus.

Question 14

Distinction left and right fusiform gyrus (BA37):

Answer 14

Left fusiform gyrus - more abstract object representations.

Right fusiform gyrus - more concrete object representations.

Question 15

Sharpening theory =

Answer 15

When stimulus is repeated, critical neurons continue firing, while not essential neurons respond less.

Causing reduced hemodynamic responses.

Question 16

Conceptual priming =

Answer 16

Prior processing of stimulus’ conceptual aspects.

Different from declarative memory because doesn’t depend on conscious awareness and preserved in patients with MTL damage.

Question 17

Conceptual priming in AD versus amnesia:

Answer 17

Amnesia does not impair it, AD does - therefore mediated by regions affected by AD? Such as PFC, lateral temporal cortices?

Question 18

Skill learning in amnesia?

Answer 18

Independent of MTL (BA21/BA38), so preserved in amnesia.

Relies heavily on interaction between neocortex and subcortical structures.

Question 19

Motor sequence learning impaired in … disorders, like …

Answer 19

Basal ganglia disorders like PD.

Question 20

Early learning phase =

Answer 20

Rapid improvement of performance.

Activation in PMC (BA08), SMA (BA06), BS, cerebellum, parietal cortex.

Question 21

Advanced learning phase =

Answer 21

Slow improvement of performance.

Activation in specific subregions of cerebellum and M1.

Question 22

Perceptual skill learning and Greebles:

Answer 22

Good recognition of Greebles is associated with increased activity in fusiform face area (FFA/BA37).

Question 23

Operant conditioning =

Answer 23

Probability of behavioral response is altered by associating the response with a reward.

Question 24

Goal-directed actions are sensitive to … contingencies. Learning depends on …

Answer 24

Action-outcome
Dorsomedial striatum (caudate)

Question 25

Stimulus-driven habits are controlled by ... associations. Habitual learning depends on...

Answer 25

``` Stimulus-response Dorsolateral striatum (putamen) ```

Question 26

Long-term potentiation (LTP) =

Answer 26

Persistent strengthening of synapses leading to long-lasting increase in signal transmission. Can last for days/weeks, has specificity and associativity.

Question 27

EPSP =

Answer 27

Excitatory postsynaptic potential, postsynaptic potential that increases the chance on firing an AP.

Question 28

Long-term depression (LTD) =

Answer 28

Reduction in efficacy of synapses to weaken them - protective mechanism to inhibit LTP.

Question 29

Remove gene for NMDA receptors:

Answer 29

Disable LTP. NMDA receptors are glutamatergic, excitatory receptors. Knock-out means no LTP possible.

Question 30

Mice lacking NMDA show ... | Means ...

Answer 30

Impaired spatial learning. | No LTP?

Question 31

Imprinting =

Answer 31

Formation (through learning) of early social preference for mother or another stimulus. Changes in protein synthesis, more postsynaptic receptors. Intermediate and medial mesopallium (IMM) enables imprinting.

Question 32

BA37

Answer 32

Occipital temporal cortex Fusiform gyrus Fusiform face area