L06 - Child dev incl attachment and bonding Flashcards
What are the basic learning processes during infancy?
- Habituation
- Classical conditioning
- Operant conditioning
- Observational learning
What are the emotions from birth?
Contentment, disgust, distress and interest
What are the emotions from 2-7 months?
Anger, fear, joy, sadness and surprise
What are the emotions from 12-24 months?
Embarrassment, envy, guilt, pride and shame
Definition of temperament?
Individual difference in emotional, motor and attentional reactivity and self regulation
What are the phases of attachment?
- Pre-attachment phase
- Indiscriminate attachment
- Discriminate attachment
- Multiple attachment phase
What happens in the pre-attachment phase?
- Lasts until 3 months of age
- Preference for contact with human beings from 6 weeks
- Manifests as nestling, gurgling and smiling
What happens in the indiscriminate attachment phase?
- Lasts up to approx 7 months
- Allows strangers to look after them without noticeable distress, provided stranger gives adequate care
- Start to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people
What happens in the discriminate attachment phase?
- Dev 7-8 months
- Actively tries to stay close to certain people and becomes distressed when separated from them (separation anxiety
- Requires infant to be able to discriminate between mother and others
What is object permanence?
Understanding that objects still exist despite it not being perceived/ seen
What did Lorenz and Harlow show relating to non-human animals?
Non-human animals form strong bonds with the first moving object they encounter = INPRINTING
- Occurs during a brief critical period and IS IRREVERSIBLE
What were the different attachment types identified by Ainsworth?
- Anxious-avoidant type
- Secure attachment
- Anxious resistant
What is the anxious-avoidant attachment type?
- Infant indifferent to mother
- Mother’s presence has little impact on infant’s play
- Actively ignores or avoids mother on her return
- Distress caused by being alone
- Equal comfort from mother and stranger, i.e. both treated the same way
What is the secure attachment type?
- Infant plays happily when mother is there, stranger’s presence has no effect
- Mother largely ignored as she can be trusted
- Clearly distressed when mother leaves and play is reduced
- Seeks immediate contact when mother returns
- Quickly calmed by mother and resumes play
- Mother treated differently from stranger
What is the anxious resistant attachment type?
- Infant is wary and fussy when mother is present
- Cries a lot more than secure attachment and anxious avoidant
- Difficult using mother as secure base
- V distressed when mother leaves and seeks contact on return but simultaneously shows anger and resists contact
- Actively resists stranger’s efforts to make contact
