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Biochemistry > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Genome is comprised of both ___
and ___ genomes.

A

nuclear and mitochondrial genomes

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2
Q

Each cell contains __# nuclear genome
located in nucleus

A

1

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3
Q

Nuclear genome is compromised of # copies

A

2

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4
Q

Each cell contains # nuclear genome
Composed of # copies .

A

1
2

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5
Q

each cell contains # copies of mitochondria.

A

Many

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6
Q

Each mitochondrion is estimated to contain # copies of
mt-DNA.

A

2-10

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7
Q

each cell is estimated to contain # copies of mt-DNA.

A

1k-10k

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8
Q

DNA copies
Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

2 copies
Several copies

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9
Q

Structure

Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

Linear circular

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10
Q

of genes

Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

30k 37 genes

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11
Q

coding region %
Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

2% 97%

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12
Q

Mode of inheritance
Nuclear genome vs Mitochondrial genome

A

Father and Mother 2n — mother only n

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13
Q

contains all DNA including the protein coding genes

A

Genome

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14
Q

___contain only protein coding DNA

A

Genes

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15
Q

In an organism
___ genome is present while ___ gene is present

A

1, thousands

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16
Q

genome is present in an organism while # gene is present

A

1 , thousands

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17
Q

DNA fibrils are __ meters long with __ base pairs

A

2
3 billion

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18
Q

Linear chromatin =

A

DNA fibers

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19
Q

Mention the function of H1, H2A, H2B, H3, & H4

A

H1: binds on the linker site and protects the
nucleosomes from becoming a mess / tangle

The rest: tightly pack Linear chromatin (DNA) fibers

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20
Q

How to form an octamer protein complex?

A

Dimers of H2A, H2B, H3, & H4

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21
Q

What is the function of octamers

A

Bind and wrap the dna around twice

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22
Q

complex of histone proteins + DNA =

A

nucleosomes

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23
Q

Nucleosomes are separated by

A

30-bp linker DNA

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24
Q

nucleosomes condense further to form > ___ > this structure further condenses to form > ___

A

loop like structure > sister chromatids like in metaphase

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25
Metaphase chromosomes are used in _ to identify _
karyotyping Chromosome structure and numerical abnormalities
26
When a double stranded DNA in solution is heated, the ___ holding the two strands together starts breaking. This is known as __
Hydrogen bonds Denaturation
27
2x strand DNA > 1x Strand DNA =
DNA denaturation
28
Describe renaturation
When the denatured DNA in solution is cooled down (20C) complementary single strand DNA can reform into double stranded DNA with hydrogen bonding in the presence of water.
29
Denaturation of a DNA at particular temperature depends on the
G-C and A-T contents of a DNA. The more G-C bases the higher the temperature needed >> they have three hydrogen bonds
30
DNA containing A-T base pairs melts at about # DNA containing G-C base pairs melts at over#
70 95
31
What is melting temperature?
Temperature at which the DNA strands are half denatured
32
T/F Melting temperature varies to each organism’s DNA based on their G-C / A-T contents
T
33
the significances of the denaturation and renaturation properties of DNA
Hybridization PCR
34
What is a big difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic gene structures?
Prokaryotes have no introns, coding region is directly translated
35
A scientist is trying to identify the genome of a cell. The entire genome was Coding regions and he did not find any non-coding regions what type of cell might this be
Prokaryotes
36
A scientist is trying to translate an mRNA strand into protein. From a single mRNA strand three different proteins where translated what type of cell is this and what is this called
Prokaryotic cell Polycistronic 
37
A scientist is studying an mRNA strand from living organisms he found more than one translation site paid one mRNA strand what type of cell is this?
Prokaryotic Check slide 25
38
PCR STEPS (3)
1. Denatureat95 2. Cool down to 50 and allow to renature with primer sequence. 3. Polymerase extends the primer and synthesizes the complementary DNA.
39
A scientist want to identify what type of nucleic acid is being examined, he found introns, a promoter region, and transcription termination sites. What type of nucleic acid is this
Genes, because mRNA only contains: exon, 5’UTR, 3’UTR
40
Is the only thing that had introns
Genes of eukaryotic cells
41
Non-coding genome includes
1- repetitive DNA 2- intron regulators 3- miscellaneous sequences
42
Repetitive DNA includes
1-interspersed 2-tandem
43
An example of the non-coding tandem repetitive DNA is __
Satellite
44
Satellite DNA are repeated ___ in the genome and they are ___ to each other
Many times Adjacent
45
DNA repeat sequence is from __bp to __bp
1 - 300
46
DNA repeat length ranges from __ to __ times
100- 100K
47
Satellite DNA are mostly located in the___ because
heterochromatin regions of Human genome Because of being non-coding
48
Tandem repeats are satellite DNAs are classified in 2 ways
1- unit conservation 2-unit size (micro, mini, macro)
49
Transposons are also known as__
“jumping genes”
50
Transposons location:
dispersed throughout the genome
51
Types of Transposons
DNA transposons (3%) RNA transposons =(retrotransposons; 41%).
52
Types of RNA transposons
LTR Non- LTR (LINE SINE)
53
The best example of interspersed repetitive DNA is __
Transposons
54
What would happen if transposition occurred in a coding region vs non-coding region?
Coding—> protein formed may be altered and cancer may be formed Non-coding—> safe
55
How do DNA transposons move from one genomic location to other location?
Simple cut and paste mechanism
56
Ho do RNA transposons move from one genomic location to other location?
Transcription translation reverse transcriptase encoded by transposon RNA—> DNA Synthesis of the second DNA strand insertion of retrotransposon DNA by integrase encoded by transposon
57
Transposon encodes:
1- integrase 2- reverse transcriptase
58
transposition effect the coding region of the genome A. Transposition occurring in promoter region of a gene __ B. Transposition occurring in coding region of a gene___ C. Transposition occurring in intron/exon boundaries of a gene___
alters its gene expression disrupts its protein sequences disrupts its mRNA splicing
59
T/F :Transposition occurring in introns always alter gene expression
F
60
__% of genome contains junk DNA that includes ___% of genome contains gene related sequence that includes
60%, miscellaneous and repetitive 40%, : 2% coding 38% gene related
61
The 2% of coding sequence of human showed ___ % homology with chimpanzee
98
62
What part of the gene does human and chimpanzees share 98% of Homology
important functional coding sequences
63
4.0 % of sequence differences were found to occur in the ___
41% of the retrotransposons.
64
Briefly explain the difference genomic between chimpanzees and humans
The 2% coding region share 98% Homology.  there is a 4% difference in the 41% retrotransposon MOSTLY in LINE1
65
The 2% coding region that share 98% Homology. And the 4% difference in the 41% retrotransposon mostly in LINE1 concludes that Human evolutions took place. Mention two important drivers of that evolution
Natural selection pressure environmental stress
66
___ is located in the hetrochromatin ___ is dispersed throughout the genome
Satellite (tandem, repp) Transposons ( interspersed, repp)
67
Alu belongs to
Sine
68
What are the most repeated sequence located in HETROCHROMATIN (2020) a.tandem repeats bLINES c.SINES d.Alu elements
A
69
T/F: coding region is directly translated in prokaryotes
T, no introns
70
What is the significance of the annealing temperature in a pcr reaction
ensures primer binding

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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