L1: Immune System INTRO

Question 1

what is immunology?

Answer 1

the study of immune system within various organisms

Question 2

which is more complex, immune system or respiratory/ urinary system?

Answer 2

immune system

Question 3

how do immune cells work?

Answer 3

independently and systematically

Question 4

is exposure and invasion of a pathogen the same?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

is cancer linked to the immune system?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

who initially hypothesised 6 types of cancer connected with dysregulation of immune system?

Answer 6

Weinberg

Question 7

how was small pox eliminated?

Answer 7

use of another less serious disease injected into people, used as a vaccine and gave immunity

Question 8

what is problematic in todays world in relation to artifical immunity?

Answer 8

vaccine hesitancy

Question 9

what organs are part of the immune system?

Answer 9

tonsils, thymus and spleen

Question 10

what tissues are part of the immune system?

Answer 10

lymph nodes, bone marrow, lymphatic system, blood

Question 11

what cells are part of the immune system?

Answer 11

ALL, white blood cells play a major role

Question 12

what portrays the essentiality of the immune system?

Answer 12

it is highly conserved among evolution in all domains of life

Question 13

what is homologous to the huamn immune system in bacteria?

Answer 13

CRISPR system

Question 14

how does the CRISPR system work in an immune fashion?

Answer 14

1)bacteria become infected
2)RNA/DNA of that pathogen becomes integrated into its genome
3) CRISPR restriction enzyme recognises and cuts foreign sequences

Question 15

what would happen bacteria without CRISPR?

Answer 15

The foreign DNA would keep being read and integrated into the cells genome - could kill it

Question 16

what is the difference between innate defences and innate immunity?

Answer 16

innate defences involve skin, mucus, stomach acid, tears - they block infection

innate immunity involves cellular action between immune and pathogen cells

Question 17

what happens if re-infection occurs, you are not sick but you are contagious?

Answer 17

innate memory has prevented damage from pathogen, it is however in your system and can be passed to others

Question 18

what are the features of immune response?

Answer 18

specificity, tolerance, memory

Question 19

what are the 2 arms of immunity?

Answer 19

adaptive and innate

Question 20

describe features of innate immunity

Answer 20

immediate response, non-specific, inflammation, 1st line of defence

Question 21

describe features of adaptive immunity

Answer 21

exposure based response, specific, 2nd line of defence

Question 22

what are the cellular components of the innate immune response?

Answer 22

phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils and ILCs (NK cells)

Question 23

what are the humoral components of the innate system?

Answer 23

complement system/ cascade, coagulation system/ cascade, lysozyme, cytokines, plasma proteins, nAb (natural occurring antibodies), pentraxins, lectins, transferrin, chemokines

Question 24

what are the cellular components of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 24

T and B cells

Question 25

what are the humoral components of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 25

antibodies and cytokines

Question 26

what progenitor cells make up the innate system?

Answer 26

myeloid

Question 27

what progenitor cells make up the adaptive system?

Answer 27

lymphoid?

Question 28

what immune cell is considered both myeloid and lymphoid?

Answer 28

dendritic cells

Question 29

what is the difference between humoral and cellular mediated immunity?

Answer 29

humoral mediated immunity produces cell specific antibodies , cell mediated does not

Question 30

explain primary exposure

Answer 30

the first time we encounter a specific pathogen, our bodies generate a primary immune response

Question 31

explain secondary exposure

Answer 31

the second time we encounter a now recognisable pathogen 'SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURES' , body generates a secondary immune response known as memory immune response

Question 32

How does secondary/ memory immune response work?

Answer 32

1) B and T cells replicate during primary exposure 2) they produce effector/ memory cells 3) memory B and T cells are antigen specific 4) Subsequent exposure to the known antigen involves a more rapid and immediate secondary immune response by adaptive immune system instead of solely innate immune system

Question 33

what type of cells can come from myeloids?

Answer 33

monocytes and granulocytes

Question 34

what type of cells come from lymphoids?

Answer 34

lymphocytes: B, T and large granular lymphocyte NK

Question 35

what cells have the capacity to turn into effector memory cells?

Answer 35

lymphocytes

Question 36

how is inflammation identifiable microscopically?

Answer 36

granular myeloids such as neutrophils stain extremely dark because of their granular cytoplasm - their presence indicates inflammation

Question 37

Describe the pathway of activated lympoid cells example NK cell

Answer 37

1) pluripotent hameopathic cells exist in bone marrow 2) common lympoid progenitor forms 3) lymphoid cells begin their journey of maturation in primary organs such as tonsils and thymus 4) lymphoid cells progress maturely into secondary tissues such as lymph nodes 5) they mature into effector cells and become activated when responding to inflammation

Question 38

Describe the pathway of activated myeloid cells

Answer 38

1) pluripotent haemopathic cells exist in bone marrow 2) common myeloid progenitor forms 3) this progenitor can form: granulocyte/ macrophage progenitors and megakaryocyte/erthryocyte progenitors