Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology > L5: Cytokines and Effectors > Flashcards

L5: Cytokines and Effectors Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what enters inflammed tissue from blood stream?

A

immune cells
humoral proteins
antibodies
complement proteins
innate scavenger proteins
acute phase response proteins with AMB properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why do immune cells have effector functions?

A

to bind pathogens and instruct inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do clotting proteins do?

A

repair
prevent spread of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what effect do cytokines, eicosanoids and histamine have on blood vessels?

A

they promote and amplify inflammation, especially vasodialation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are cytokines?

A

soluble extracellular proteins that regulate innate and inflammatory reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what other names are cytokines called?

A

lymphokines, monokines and adipokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe cytokines

A

low molecular weight
pleiotropic (produced by many cells)
redundant (they have similar functions)
potent (small amounts can drive inflammation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is cytokine signalling autocrine, paracrine or endocrine?

A

all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

can cytokines act as hormones?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 5 families of cytokines?

A

IL-1
TNF Superfamily
Hematopoietic
Interferons
Chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does IL-1 mean?

A

interleukin-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do IL-1 cytokines signal through?

A

immunoglobulin antibody receptor domains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the subfamilies found in IL-1 cytokine family?

A

IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-18, IL-33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a receptor antagonist for cytokine IL-1?

A

IL-1Ra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is IL-1Ra antagonist useful for?

A

toning down inflammation in inflammatory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are cytokines such as IL-1 matured?

A

they are cleaved by caspase proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what caspase is involved in inflammation?

A

caspase-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what adhesion molecule on endothelium do cytokines cause upregulation of ?

A

CXCL8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What genes do cytokines upregulate?

A

COX2/Ptgs2 generates eicosanoids which promote inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does excessive IL-1beta lead to?

A

tissue damage during infection as it is driving caspase proteases
this enables infection to spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens when cells die?

A

IL-1alpha is released
this signals IL-1 receptor on neighbouring cells
this indicates that something is wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which cytokine is a key driver of Th1 response?

A

IL-18
shapes adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which cytokine is a driver of Th2 response?

A

IL-33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does TNF mean?

A

tumour necrosis factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do cytokines of the TNF Superfamily interact with?
kinases and intracellular complexes
26
what are too high of TNF levels associated with?
sepsis
27
what is recognised as an age associated DAMP?
TNF cytokines
28
what is the function of TNF Superfamily of cytokines?
early response by promoting vascular permeability drives in flammation drives macrophage activation (resident and recruited) drives energy mobilisation in fat to fuel immune response
29
what cytokines are part of the Hematopoietic Family?
IL2, IL3, IL4, GM-CSF
30
What is the function of the cytokine Hematopoietic Family?
cell growth and development regulation of leukocyte development
31
give 2 examples of chemokines
CSCL8, CCL2
32
what cytokine families trigger JAK-STAT pathway?
hematpoietic and chemokines and INF
33
what happens when JAK-STAT pathway is activated?
TF causes upregulation of genes in control of anti-viral function
34
what cytokine familes trigger NFkB pathway?
IL-1 and TNF Superfamily
35
what is the function of NFkB pathway?
regulates innate immunity links pathogenic signals and organises cellular resistance
36
what are eicosanoids?
lipid mediators
37
what cells synthesise eicosanoids?
all
38
what is the function of eicosanoids?
regulate inflammation drive expression of COX2 gene and Pge2 enzyme
39
what drugs target COX2 gene?
aspirin and ibruprofen
40
what does Pge2 enzyme do?
stimulates peripheral sensory neurons contributing to inflammation
41
why do people on anti-inflammatory medication such as ibruprofen have to take digestive drugs?
Pge2 has a protective function in the stomach - when knocked out it can cause indigestion
42
what gene does ibruprofen inhibit expression of?
COX1 and COX2
43
what digestion drug is recommended when taking ibruprofen?
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) they pump ibruprofen out of stomach to maintain PGE2 production in stomach and double hit COX2
44
how is histamine produced?
from mast cells , derived from histidine
45
how is histamine produced by cells other than mast cells?
histidine decarboxylase
46
what drives activation of mast cells?
C3a complement protein
47
how is the pre-existing innate immune system exploited?
igE receptors circulating with bound antigens can contact mast cell and cause degranulation of mast cell this is an allergic response due to antigen specific response
48
what receptors do mast cells express?
H1, H2, H3, H4
49
what histamine receptor do endothelial cells express?
H1
50
what happens when histamine binds to H1 endothelial receptor?
increased vadcular permeability increased expression of adhesion molecules increased chemokines and receptor expression chemokine gradient forms activation of neuronal cells: itching and pain
51
what happens when IgE antibodies bind with histamine?
allergic response
52
what is IL-6 and the acute phase response?
a cytokine of the IL-1 family soluble extracellular protein binds IL-6 receptor on liver drives inflammation acute phase response proteins in blood increase they have anti micorbial opsonin functions
53
what is the function of acute phase response proteins?
anti-microbial opsonins
54
what is an opsonin, give an example
molecules that bind and inhibit function of things viruses bind to host receptors CRP binds pentraxin
55
what are acute phase proteins used to measure?
inflammation
56
what does high CRP levels in blood mean?
serious inflammation condition
57
what cytokine drives acute phase response proteins?
IL-6
58
What drives Th1 cell polarisation?
IL-12
59
what drives IL-12 production?
infection via viral and bacterial ligands things that require CD4 response
60
what drives resolution of inflammation?
IL-10
61
what is IL-10?
cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor
62
what enables anti-viral containment?
interferons INFs
63
describe Type I INFs...
alpha and beta antiviral
64
describe Type II INFs...
gamma anti microbial
65
describe Type III IFNs...
lambda shares properties with Type I
66
describe Type III IFNs...
lambda shares properties with Type I
67
what pathway do IFNs activate via receptor binding?
JAK-STAT
68
Type I IFNs drive STAT proteins that bind what sequence?
INF Sensitive Response Element (ISRE) these produce IFN sensitive genes that are anti viral
69
Type II IFNs drive STAT proteins that bind what sequence?
GAS sequence drives ISG (interferon sensitive genes) involved in phagocytosis and RO species
70
when is IFNs produced?
when DCs signal to certain lymphocytes via various cytokines, lymphocytes produce various corresponding IFNs
71
what happens when DCs signals IL-12?
Th-1 produce IFN gamma
71
what happens when DCs signals IL-12?
Th-1 produce IFN gamma
72
are IFNs themselves antiviral?
no they cause upregulation of anti-viral genes via JAK-STAT

Immunology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions