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AP Psych > L1-L6 > Flashcards

L1-L6 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Darwin

A

natural selection and adaptation

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2
Q

Wundt

A

1st psychologist, mind should be studied through observable phenoms

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3
Q

James

A

father of American psych, functionalism, real world

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4
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

first president of APA, founder of child psych

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5
Q

Washburn

A

first woman awarded PHD is psych, 2nd woman APA president, studied motor movement in animals

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6
Q

Dix

A

created first UK and US mental hospitals, goal was to change perceptions of the mentally ill

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7
Q

Pavlov

A

argued that repeated behaviors can cause auto physiological responses

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8
Q

Watson

A

behaviorism, Little Albert study

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9
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

operant conditioning, argued that all learning is done through a complex system of reinforcement and punishment, rats/blackbox

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10
Q

Freud

A

sex and death, trauma influences behavior, talk therapy

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11
Q

Piaget

A

created theory of cognitive development

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12
Q

Rogers

A

humanistic (client-centered), helped people improve themselves

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13
Q

structuralism

A

using self analysis and reporting to understand consciousness, Wundt

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14
Q

functionalism

A

focusing on how behaviors are useful to the organism doing them, James

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15
Q

behaviorism

A

focusing on observable behavior to understand the mind, Watson

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16
Q

gestalt

A

examining how and why people perceive what they do, Kohler

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17
Q

psychoanalytic

A

focusing on unconsciousness influences on the conscious mind, Freud

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18
Q

humanistic

A

focusing on how a person sees themselves and how they can grow to achieve them, Rogers

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19
Q

evolutionary

A

attempts to explain human behavior through how a behavior or feature may aid survived, Darwin

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20
Q

biological

A

examines biochemical underpinnings of thought and behavior, Broca and Wernicke

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21
Q

cognitive

A

examines how a person’s thought process may lead them to think or behave in a certain way, Piaget

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22
Q

socio-cultural

A

examines influence of other people and society on a person’s actions or thoughts, Allport, Milgram

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23
Q

biological domain

A

neuroscience, consciousness, motivation; physiological causes of behavior

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24
Q

clinical

A

identification and treatment of mental illnesses and issues

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25
cognitive domain
human thought; perception, cognition, memory intelligence
26
counseling
social/emotional development, interpersonal development
27
developmental
studies social and emotional growth
28
educational
studies how people learn, and which methods are effective
29
experimental
conducts research on humans and non-humans to examine cause and effect processes
30
industrial-organizational
studies workplaces to determine how to make them more efficient and productive
31
personality
how personality affects one's perception and actions
32
psychometric
measures skills such as problem-solving and memory to determine areas of improvement
33
positive
studies positive emotions, and traits, determining how to produce them, creating a fulfilling life
34
quantitative research
more traditional, utilizes measurable data to reach and test conclusions
35
qualitative
in-depth, focused examination of a particular occurrence or phenoms, tends to be feelings or give a why
36
mixed-methods
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to reach conclusions
37
nonmothetic approach
attempts to identify universal trends or rules
38
construct
theoretically defined variable, usually cannot be quantified
39
operationalizations
constructs expressed as observable behavior, quantifiable
40
experimental studies
independent variables are manipulated by researchers to produce an effect on dependent variables, CAUSE AND EFFECT
41
correlational studies
similar to experimental studies, but no manipulated variables; shows links between two things but not cause and effects
42
Quasi-experiments
testing pre-existing conditions/demographics, no manipulated independent variable
43
Field experiments
real-life setting, can't account for confounding variables
44
natural experiments
field, but researcher can't control IV
45
case studies
A detailed analysis over time of an area of interest to show us context-dependent information. Can also examine a person.
46
Longitudinal studies
examine individuals for long periods of time
47
naturalistic observation
Observations of naturally occurring behavior, in a natural setting. Field observations are important. Ethical implications of observing others need to be justified
48
unstructured interviews
no guided questions and you reply with follow up questions after letting the person talk
49
semi-structured interviews
some questions, but participants can go off on a tangent
50
focus group
finding out feelings based on a specific question, can be quantified, group setting
51
credibility
similar to validity in quantitative research, trustworthiness, true beyond reasonable doubt
52
confounding variables
variables that can also affect the dependent variable, making it impossible to determine cause and effect between IV and DV in a study, must be addressed for a study to be valid
53
sample
participants in a study
54
target population
people to whom the results of the experiment will be generalized
55
how we determine what type of sampling we use
aim of research, target population, time and availability
56
random sampling
best representative method, depends of sufficient size to work, accounts for hidden variables
57
stratified sampling
useful when essential characteristics are well known or when a sample sizes are too small for RS, sample must have same characteristics as target population
58
convenience sampling
choose who is most available, can't be generalized, worst for representation, for when there is lack of resources
59
self-selected sampling
putting up an ad for volunteers, quick and easy, bad for representatives, more motivated people respond
60
purposive sampling
have a target population from beginning, limited representativeness
61
snowball sampling
purposive sampling where one participant recommends others to participate
62
independent measures
random sorting into experimental group and control group, 1 group = 1 condition
63
matched-pairs
participants in groups are matched according to characteristics, can help resolve confounding variables, uses up resources, variable being controlled here is the matching variable
64
repeated measures
used when wanting to compare the same group under different conditions
65
order effects and counter balancing
results can depend on order in which the tests were taken rather than the condition; participants are separated
66
validity
what is supposed to be measured is measured
67
reliability
results can occur over and over again
68
selection bias
groups aren't equivalent at the start of experiment, other than controlled IV
69
history
outside events affect participants during the course of the experiment, affecting the IV
70
maturation effect
participants grow and develop over the course of the experiment
71
testing effect
familiarity with experimental design and condition, counterbalancing helps
72
instrumentation effect
process or instrument of measurement changes between observation
73
regression to the mean
occurs when the initial DV measurements are extreme, statistically likely to approach median, control group helps
74
experimental mortality
some participants quit or die which will wreck your sampling
75
demand characteristics
participants may be aware of the purpose of the study (or try to guess it) and may change their behavior to fit the aim
76
experimenter bias
researcher intentionally/unintentionally influences the result of the experiment, combated with a double blind study
77
correlation coefficients
r-value, above ±.5 is a significant, you can have a positive and negative correlation
78
descriptive data
stats that indicate what happened in a study
79
inferential data
stats we use to infer findings about a general population
80
p value
percent certainty or probability of chance, the lower the value, the more certainty you have that the findings are meaningful
81
alpha level
5% and lower means that there is a statistically significant, least probability of chance
82
null hypothesis
hypothesis that your results must disprove to say that the results are significant, says that there is no correlation between the two conditions
83
third variable problems
other variable causing correlations
84
curvilinear relationships
some relationships are there to a certain extent or non-linearly
85
spurious correlations
random chance correlation
86
code of conduct
do no harm, fidelity and responsibility, honesty with results, justice, respect for people's rights and dignity
87
ethical review boards
governments and research organizations with boards to monitor and approve experiments to make sure they are ethical
88
ethical guidelines with participants
informed consent, protection from harm, anonymity and confidentiality, no deception, debriefing (aims and consent)
89
modification of guidelines
benefits must outweigh the harms, study should have as little amount of deception as possible, harms should be kept to a minimum
90
reporting results
no data fabrication or plagiarism, giving credit, all data must be shared, decide if study should be published at all

AP Psych (2 decks)

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