L1 - Morphological plan of upper limb & anatomy of back

Question 1

How many bones in the upper limb?

Answer 1

32

Question 2

How many muscles in the upper limb

Answer 2

57

Question 3

What articulates with the humerus in the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 3

Glenoid fossa

Question 4

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 4

Ball and socket

Question 5

What bones does the saddle joint in the wrist join?

Answer 5

Trapezium and D1 metacarpal

Question 6

What movements of the arm does the glenohumeral joint allow?

Answer 6

Extension - arm straight out behind you
Flexion - arm straight out in front
Abduction - arm straight out laterally away from midline
Adduction - back down towards midline
Lateral & medial rotation 
Circumduction

Question 7

What movements occur at the elbow joint?

Answer 7

Flexion and extension

Question 8

What movement is thumb up?

Answer 8

Extension

Question 9

In the upper limb, where are the extensor muscles found?

Answer 9

Posterior compartment

Question 10

In the upper limb, where are the flexor muscles found?

Answer 10

Anterior compartment

Question 11

Which muscles attach the upper limb to the trunk from the vertebral column?

Answer 11

Superficial back muscles: Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Rhomboids and Levator Scapulae

Question 12

Which muscles attach the upper limb to the trunk from the thoracic wall?

Answer 12

Pec major
Pec minor
Serratus anterior

Question 13

What are the flexors in the upper arm?

Answer 13

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

Question 14

What are the extensors of the upper arm?

Answer 14

Triceps brachii

Question 15

What are the purposes of the 4 curvatures of the spine?

Answer 15

For flexibility
shock absorption
bipedalism

Question 16

What are the primary kyphoses and why are they called this?

Answer 16

The thoracic and sacral kyphoses

They are the first to develop in the foetus

Question 17

What direction do the kyphoses develop in?

Answer 17

They develop concave to the anterior vertebral column

Question 18

What are the secondary lordoses and when do they develop?

Answer 18

They develop in the first year

Cervical and lumbar lordoses

Question 19

What direction do the lordoses develop in?

Answer 19

Opposite direction to the kyphoses

Question 20

Why are the lordoses important?

Answer 20

Because they required for the transition from crawling to walking

Question 21

What is the function of a ligament?

Answer 21

To stabilise a joint and limit the range of movement

Question 22

Describe the location of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 22

It runs down the entire length of the vertebral column (anterior to the body)

Question 23

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 23

Resists hyperextension

Question 24

Why is the anterior longitudinal ligament clinically relevant?

Answer 24

Because it becomes stretched in whiplash

Question 25

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 25

It resists hyperflexion

Question 26

What is the purpose of the intervertebral joints in the vertebral column?

Answer 26

For weight bearing and strength

Question 27

What is the purpose of the secondary cartilaginous intervertebral discs?

Answer 27

For shock absorption

Question 28

What makes up the intervertebral disc?

Answer 28

``` Nucleus pulposus (the semi fluid core) Annulus fibrosis (outer strong part) ```

Question 29

What happens to the size of the intervertebral discs as you go down the vertebral column?

Answer 29

The disc size increases

Question 30

What is the clinical significance of the intervertebral discs?

Answer 30

Discs can protrude and the nucleus pulposus can herniate causing nerve impingement

Question 31

What are facet joints?

Answer 31

They are pairs of joints between the vertebral arches

Question 32

What is the clinical significance of the facet joints?

Answer 32

Degeneration of the facet joints can cause back pain

Question 33

What angle and therefore movement occurs in the cervical facet joints

Answer 33

There is a slight slope | Allows flexion, extension and rotation

Question 34

What does the angle of the facet joints determine?

Answer 34

The angle in the facet joints determines the range of movement

Question 35

What angle and therefore movement occurs in the thoracic facet joints?

Answer 35

Near vertical = rotation only

Question 36

What angle and therefore movement occurs in the lumbar facet joints?

Answer 36

Wrapped = flexion/ extension only

Question 37

What groups are the muscles of the back divided into?

Answer 37

Extrinsic | Intrinsic

Question 38

What separates the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back?

Answer 38

Thoracolumbar fascia

Question 39

What further groups do the extrinsic back muscles divide into?

Answer 39

Superficial and intermediate back muscles

Question 40

What is the function of the superficial and intermediate back muscles?

Answer 40

To move the upper limbs and ribs

Question 41

What is the function of the intrinsic (deep) muscles?

Answer 41

Postural - to move the vertebral column

Question 42

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

Answer 42

Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae

Question 43

What action is caused by contraction of the upper fibres of the trapezius?

Answer 43

Elevation of the scapula

Question 44

What action is caused by contraction of the lower fibres of the trapezius?

Answer 44

Depression of the scapula

Question 45

What action is caused by contraction of the middle fibres of the trapezius?

Answer 45

Retraction of the scapula - bringing them towards the midline

Question 46

What are the intermediate back muscles?

Answer 46

Rhomboids | Levator scapulae

Question 47

What are the intrinsic muscles?

Answer 47

There are three layers: 1. Splenius (most superficial - in the neck) 2. Erector Spinae (deep) 3. Multifidus (deepest)

Question 48

Which are the largest group of intrinsic muscles and what do they consist of?

Answer 48

Erector spinae: Spinales Longissimus Iliocostalis

Question 49

Where is the multifidus located?

Answer 49

Between the spinous and transverse processes

Question 50

Where is the multifidus most prominent?

Answer 50

In the lumbar region

Question 51

What movements do the erector spinae muscles allow you to do?

Answer 51

Lateral flexion, extension and rotation of the vertebral column

Question 52

What is the clinical significance of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 52

It becomes stretched in whiplash

Question 53

What is the clinical significance of facet joints?

Answer 53

If the facet joints degenerate this can cause back pain

Question 54

Which is the largest muscle of the back?

Answer 54

Trapezius