L14- Morphological plan of the lower limb

Question 1

What are the differences between the upper limbs and lower limbs?

Answer 1

Lower limbs are closer together than the upper limb
Extensors are anterior on the lower limb
Flexors are posterior on the lower limb

Question 2

Why are the upper limbs closer than the lower limbs

Answer 2

For weight bearing
Locomotion
High stresses

Question 3

Name the bones in the lower limb

Answer 3

Pelvis 
Femur 
Tibia 
Fibula 
Tarsal bones x7
Metatarsals x5
Phalanges x14

Question 4

What are the borders of the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 4

Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
Greater sciatic notch

Question 5

Describe the limb movements of the lower limb

Answer 5

Flexion/extension
Abduction/ adduction
Lateral/ medial rotation
Pronation/supination
Circumduction

Question 6

Describe the functional compartments of the thigh region

Answer 6

Anterior - extensors of the knee
Posterior - Flexors of the knee
Medial - adductors of the thigh

Question 7

Name the gluteal muscles and their actions

Answer 7

Gluteus maximus - extensor & lateral rotator of the leg
Gluteus medius - abductor & medial rotator of the leg
Gluteus minimus - abductor & medial rotator of the leg

Question 8

The gluteus maximus also has another function - name this function:

Answer 8

Supports the extended knee - so helps support you when you stand

Question 9

Through which anatomical structure does the gluteus perform this other function?

Answer 9

Via the iliotibial tract

Question 10

What is the origin and insertion of gluteus maximus?

Answer 10

Origin: Ilium
Insertion: ITB & gluteal tuberosity of the femur

Question 11

What are the origin and insertions of the gluteus medium and minimus?

Answer 11

Origin: Ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur

Question 12

Gluteus maximus is supplied by which nerve?

Answer 12

The inferior gluteal nerve

Question 13

Gluteus medius and minimus are supplied by which nerve?

Answer 13

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 14

What is the function of the small muscles of the gluteal region?

Answer 14

Stabilise the hip

Lateral rotation of the extended thigh

Question 15

What can the small muscles of the gluteal region be compared to in the upper limb?

Answer 15

Rotator cuff muscles

Question 16

Name the small muscles of the gluteal region?

Answer 16

PIRIFORMIS (the biggest)
Gemelius superior 
Obturator internus 
Gemelius inferior 
Quadrator femoris (square one)

Question 17

Describe the course of piriformis

Answer 17

It comes from the sacrum, goes through the greater sciatic foramen and inserts onto the greater trochanter

Question 18

Which nerves pops out from under the inferior border of piriformis?

Answer 18

Sciatic nerve

Inferior gluteal nerve

Question 19

Which nerves comes out from the top of the piriformis?

Answer 19

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 20

What is the function of the quadriceps muscle?

Answer 20

Extend the leg at the knee joint

Flex the leg at the hip joint

Question 21

Name the four muscles that make up the quadriceps:

Answer 21

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

Question 22

What is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps muscles?

Answer 22

Origin: AIIS & femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

Question 23

Describe the insertion of the quads?

Answer 23

All four muscles that make up the quad come together as the quadriceps tendon
The tendon passes over the knee and inserts into the tibial tuberosity

Question 24

Describe the actions of the sartorius muscle

Answer 24

Allows you to cross your legs

- flexion of hip & knee joint & slight lateral rotation of the leg

Question 25

Origin and insertion of the sartorius?

Answer 25

Origin: ASIS Insertion: Tibia

Question 26

The quadriceps tendon surrounds which structure?

Answer 26

Patella

Question 27

After the patella, what does the quadriceps tendon become?

Answer 27

Patella ligament

Question 28

Name the muscles that make up the hamstrings

Answer 28

Bicep femoris (long head & short head) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

Question 29

What are the origin and insertion of the hamstrings?

Answer 29

Origin: Ischial tuberosity Insertion: Tibia

Question 30

Name the muscles that make up the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 30

``` Pectineus Gracilis Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus ```

Question 31

Name the parts of adductor magnus

Answer 31

Hamstring part | Adductor part

Question 32

Which is the most superficial hamstring muscle?

Answer 32

Adductor longus

Question 33

Name the superficial hamstring muscles

Answer 33

Adductor longus Pectineus Gracilis

Question 34

Name the mid/intermediate hamstring muscles

Answer 34

Adductor brevis

Question 35

Name the deepest hamstring muscles

Answer 35

Adductor magnus

Question 36

Name the movements of the thigh:

Answer 36

``` Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation ```

Question 37

Name the muscles involved in FLEXION of the thigh

Answer 37

Rectus femoris Sartorius Iliopsoas - Iliacus & Psoas major

Question 38

Name the muscles involved in EXTENSION of the thigh

Answer 38

Gluteus maximus Hamstrings Hamstring part of adductor magnus

Question 39

Name the muscles involved in ABDUCTION of the thigh

Answer 39

Gluteus medius | Gluteus minimus

Question 40

Name the muscles involved in ADDUCTION of the thigh

Answer 40

``` Adductor part of adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Pectineus Gracilis ```

Question 41

Name the muscles involved in MEDIAL AND LATERAL ROTATION of the thigh

Answer 41

Gluteus muscles Hamstrings Adductors Short rotators

Question 42

Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

Answer 42

Anterior primary rami of L1 to L4

Question 43

Which nerves form the sacral plexus?

Answer 43

Anterior primary rami of L4 and L5 - via the lumbosacral trunk Anterior primary rami of S1 to S4

Question 44

The femoral nerve has contributions from which spinal nerves

Answer 44

L2 to L4

Question 45

The obturator nerve has contributions from which spinal nerves?

Answer 45

L2 to L4

Question 46

The sciatic nerve has contributions from which spinal nerves?

Answer 46

L4 to S3

Question 47

The iliopsoas muscle is made up of two muscles, name these and the function of the iliopsoas

Answer 47

Iliacus Psoas major Iliopsoas is the strongest hip flexor in the body

Question 48

The femoral nerve comes from?

Answer 48

Lumbar plexus

Question 49

Describe the course of the femoral nerve

Answer 49

FN runs over iliac Enters femoral triangle In the femoral triangle it branches to supply the muscles anterior compartment of the thigh & skin over anterior thigh

Question 50

Name a branch of the femoral nerve

Answer 50

Saphenous nerve - the longest cutaneous nerve in the body

Question 51

Where does the saphenous nerve sit?

Answer 51

Under sartorius

Question 52

What does the saphenous nerve supply?

Answer 52

Medial side of the leg and foot

Question 53

Which muscles does the obturator nerve supply?

Answer 53

Adductors in the medial compartment except pectineus & hamstring part of AM Skin over medial thigh

Question 54

Where does the obturator nerve come from?

Answer 54

Lumbar plexus

Question 55

Where does the sciatic nerve come from?

Answer 55

Sacral plexus

Question 56

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

Answer 56

Motor innervation to: posterior compartment of the thigh, leg and foot AND hamstring part of AM Sensory innervation to: skin over leg and foot except medial side

Question 57

What are the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve and where does it branch?

Answer 57

Common fibular and tibial nerves | in the popliteal fossa

Question 58

Describe the blood supply in the leg

Answer 58

The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery once past the inguinal ligament Femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery past the popliteal fossa Popliteal artery divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 59

Name a branch of the femoral artery and where it passes through

Answer 59

Profunda femoris artery | passes through the adductor hiatus

Question 60

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

Answer 60

Lateral border: Medial edge of sartorius Medial border: medial edge of adductor longus Superior border: inguinal ligament

Question 61

Which muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle?

Answer 61

Pectineus Adductor longus Iliopsoas

Question 62

Name the structures in the femoral triangle, medially to laterally

Answer 62

Femoral vein, femoral artery & femoral nerve (most lateral)

Question 63

What does the profunda femoris supply?

Answer 63

Posterior comparment of the thigh