(L1) Overview & History of Cytogenetics

Question 1

microscopic investigations of the cork in 1665. He observed dead cork cells and introduced the term “cell” to describe them.

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

provided a number of illustrations

of plant material which indicate that he notices the cellular structure.

Answer 2

Nehemiah Grew

Question 3

who is best remembered as a master of the art of grinding short focal length lenses, described many micro-organism, blood cells and spermatozoa in detail

Answer 3

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 4

reported on cell division in algae

Answer 4

Demortier

Question 5

described the nucleus

Answer 5

Robert Brown

Question 6

sketched many features of mitosis

Answer 6

Con Mohl

Question 7

Two Germans, the botanist _______ (in1838) and in the biologist _________ (in 1839), were among the first to clearly state that cells are the fundamental particles of both plants and animals. This pronouncement –_______ –was amply confirmed and elaborated by a series of discoveries and interpretations.

Answer 7

Matthias Schleiden; Theodor Schwann; the cell theory

Question 8

in a series of studies showed that
fertilization involved fusion of two nuclei, one of which was derived from the male and the other from the female parent.

Answer 8

Oscar Hertwig

Question 9

The 2nd development, generally credited to _________, it was the demonstration that gametic nuclei contained half the number of chromosomes of the zygote, from which it could be concluded that gametogenesis involved some type of reduction division in which maternal and paternal chromosomes segregated.

Answer 9

Eduard van Beneden

Question 10

The 2nd development, generally credited to _______, it was the demonstration that gametic nuclei contained half the number of chromosomes of the zygote, from which it could be concluded that gametogenesis involved some type of reduction division in which maternal and paternal chromosomes segregated.

The significance of these findings were realized by ________ and led directly to the development of the _________

Answer 10

Eduard van Beneden; Weismann; Chromosome Theory of Heredity

Question 11

_______ published a paper in which he described the results of certain crosses involving garden peas. He found that the contrasting characters with which he was concerned where distributed among the offspring according to a rather simple and precise mathematical formulation

Answer 11

Gregor Mendel

Question 12

In 1901, modern science of genetics became
established with the basic concept that hereditary characters were determined by specific factors, later called _____, which were transmitted from parent to offspring through the gametes.

Answer 12

genes

Question 13

The study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes onto their children.

Answer 13

Genetics

Question 14

describes how some traits are passed

from parents to their children.

Answer 14

Heredity

Question 15

The traits are expressed by _______ , which are small sections of DNA that are coded for specific traits

Answer 15

genes

Question 16

Genes are found on ______

Answer 16

chromosomes

Question 17

Applications of Genetics

Answer 17

1. Plant & Animal improvement
2. Medicine
3. Genetic Counseling
4. Legal Applications
5. Genetic Engineering

Question 18

Genetics can help healthcare professionals to identify certain conditions in babies before they are even born using techniques such as pre-natal testing.Genetic developments are used to help develop targeted medicine for certain diseases like diabetes.

Answer 18

Medicine

Question 19

Plants and animals play a big role in our daily food consumption. With the rapidly increasing population, the demand of the food is increasing so the production must also cope up with the demand. By knowing the the genetic build-up the plant, farmers may better conserve them and increase the
production of the livestock. Animal improvement mainly focuses on animal
breeding which is based on the products like milk, meat, wool, and services produced by animals which function because of their genes. This can be achieved by selecting genetically superior animals to be the parents of the next generation.

Answer 19

Plant and animal improvement

Question 20

• DNA Testing

- Genetic Fingerprinting to catch criminals

Answer 20

Legal Applications

Question 21

Closely related to medicine in the application of genetics; Used to:

 mass produce insulin for those who are
suffering with diabetes
 produce human growth hormone,
 treat infertility (Ex. IVF – test tube/design baby)
 make vaccines and drugs

Answer 21

Genetic Engineering

Question 22

Genetically determined quality or

characteristic of a person

Answer 22

Trait

Question 23

Monogenic/Polygenic:

Controlled by one gene

Controlled by multiple genes

Answer 23

Monogenic; Polygenic

Question 24

Monogenic/Polygenic:

Quantitative Inheritance
Meaning: All dominant alleles
are all contributing to the final
output

Qualitative Inheritance
Meaning: The final trait is just
determined by one particular
gene

Answer 24

Polygenic; Monogenic

Question 25

Monogenic/Polygenic: ``` Number of intermediate forms Meaning: intermediate genes increase as the number of polygenes increase ``` No intermediates Meaning: Whatever the parents has, the parental phenotype exist in the offspring also

Answer 25

Polygenic; Monogenic

Question 26

Monogenic/Polygenic: Gives discontinuous variation Meaning: Either tall or short (no in between) ``` Gives continuous variation Meaning: A lot of possible results that can come out from a polygenic trait (white + red rose = pink rose) ```

Answer 26

Monogenic; Polygenic

Question 27

Monogenic/Polygenic: Does NOT follow Mendelian ratio Follow Mendelian ratio

Answer 27

Monogenic; Polygenic

Question 28

A child inherits two sets of genes – one from each parent (each person has two copies from ever gene)  These copies may come in different variations, known as ____, that express different traits

Answer 28

allele

Question 29

In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called _________.

Answer 29

CHROMOSOMES

Question 30

Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called ______ that support its structure.

Answer 30

HISTONES

Question 31

Each chromosome has a constriction point called ______ , which divides the chromosome into two section, or “arms”

Answer 31

centromere

Question 32

The short arm which is the ______

Answer 32

“p arm”

Question 33

The long arm which is the ______

Answer 33

“q arm”

Question 34

A variant form of a gene

Answer 34

Alleles.

Question 35

Humans are ________ because they have 2 alleles at each genetic locus, which one allele inherited from each parent.

Answer 35

diploid organism

Question 36

Refer to the exact pairing of alleles (letters); is not concerned with the expression

Answer 36

Genotypes

Question 37

2 things being the same

Answer 37

Homozygous

Question 38

2 things differnet/distinct

Answer 38

Heterozygous