(L3) DNA Replication, Transcription, & Translation

Question 1

The genetic material is stored in the form of ______

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

Human genome consists of 3 x 10^9 base pairs of DNA distributed over ____ pairs of chromosomes.

Answer 2

23

Question 3

_____ hold the information to build and maintain an organism’s cells and pass genetic traits to offspring

Answer 3

Genes

Question 4

DNA is copied to RNA process

Answer 4

Transcription

Question 5

RNA is used to produce proteins process

Answer 5

Translation

Question 6

___ is a double-stranded helix with antiparallel

strands

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

Bases on opposite strands are linked by ________: A with T and G with C

Answer 7

Hydrogen bonding

Question 8

The parent molecule unwinds, and two new daughter strands are built based on base-pairing molecules

Answer 8

DNA Replication

Question 9

3 Models of DNA Replication

Answer 9

1. Conservative
2. Semi-Conservative
3. Dispersive

Question 10

What model does DNA replication portray?

Answer 10

Semi-Conservative

Question 11

The replication of a DNA molecule begins at

special sites called ____________ where 2 strands are separated

Answer 11

Origins of Replication

Question 12

DNA replication is catalyzed by ________ which needs an _________.

Answer 12

DNA polymerase; RNA primer

Question 13

RNA primase synthesizes _______ on DNA strand

Answer 13

primer

Question 14

DNA synthesis on the ________ is continuous

Answer 14

leading strand

Question 15

DNA synthesis on the ___________ is discontinuous

Answer 15

lagging strand

Question 16

DNA is added as short fragments _________ that are subsequently ligated together

Answer 16

Okazaki Fragments

Question 17

This enzyme unwinds parental double helix.

Answer 17

Helicase

Question 18

This enzyme stabilize separate strands

Answer 18

Binding proteins

Question 19

This enzyme adds short primer to template strand

Answer 19

primase

Question 20

This enzyme binds nucleotides to form new strands

Answer 20

DNA Polymerase III

Question 21

This enzyme removes RNA primer and inserts the correct bases.

Answer 21

DNA polymerase I (exonuclease)

Question 22

This enzyme joins the Okazaki fragments and seals other nicks in sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 22

Ligase

Question 23

This enzyme prevent single strands from rewinding

Answer 23

Binding proteins

Question 24

Leading strand synthesis continues in a ______ direction.

Answer 24

5’ to 3’ direction

Question 25

Discontinuous synthesis produces 5' to 3' DNA segments called _______.

Answer 25

Okazaki fragments

Question 26

__________ enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer

Answer 26

DNA polymerase

Question 27

REPLICATION FORK OVERVIEW

Answer 27

1. Helicase 2. Binding Proteins 3. DNA polymerase 4. RNA polymerase 5. RNA primer 6. Ligase

Question 28

Chances of a mutation occurring at any one gene is over ________

Answer 28

1 in 100,000

Question 29

A mismatching of base pairs can occur at a rate of _______.

Answer 29

1 per 10,000 bases

Question 30

____________ proofread newly made DNA, | replacing any incorrect nucleotides

Answer 30

DNA polymerases

Question 31

The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis, __________, includes two stages called transcription and translation

Answer 31

gene expression

Question 32

Cells are governed by a cellular chain of command:

Answer 32

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 33

Is the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA

Answer 33

Transcription

Question 34

Process of producing messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 34

Transcription

Question 35

- Is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide which occurs under the direction of mRNA - Occurs on ribosomes

Answer 35

Translation

Question 36

Extensive RNA processing occurs in the _____

Answer 36

nucleus

Question 37

___________ is the DNA directed synthesis of RNA

Answer 37

Transcription

Question 38

1. Single Stranded 2. short, 1 gene 3. Uses sugar ribose 4. Uses the base Uracil instead of Thymine (AU)

Answer 38

CHARACTERISTICS OF RNA

Question 39

Carries info specifying amino acid sequences of proteins from DNA to ribosomes

Answer 39

mRNA

Question 40

Serves as adapter molecule in protein synthesis; translates mRNA codons into amino acids

Answer 40

tRNA

Question 41

plays catalytic roles and structural roles in ribosomes

Answer 41

rRNA

Question 42

serves as a precursor to mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA, before bein processed by splicing or cleavage.

Answer 42

Primary transcript

Question 43

Plays structural and catalytic roles in spliceosomes , the complexes of protein and RNA that splice pre-mRNA

Answer 43

small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Question 44

The stages of transcription are:

Answer 44

 Initiation  Elongation  Termination

Question 45

After RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, the DNA strands unwind, and the polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at the start point on the template strand.

Answer 45

Initiation

Question 46

The polymerase moves downstream, unwinding the DNA and elongating the RNA transcript. In the wake of transcription, the DNA strands re-form a double helix.

Answer 46

elongation

Question 47

Eventually, the RNA transcript is released, and the polymerase detaches from the DNA

Answer 47

Termination

Question 48

Promoters signal the initiation of RNA synthesis

Answer 48

Initiation

Question 49

RNA polymerase synthesizes a single strand of RNA against the DNA template strand (anti-sense strand), adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of the RNA chain

Answer 49

elongation

Question 50

When one of these is encountered by the polymerase, the RNA transcript is released from the DNA and the double helix can zip up again

Answer 50

Termination

Question 51

Transcription of RNA processing occurs in the ____. After this, the messenger RNA moves to the ________ for translation

Answer 51

nucleus; cytoplasm

Question 52

genome consists of non-coding regions called ____

Answer 52

introns

Question 53

________ also allow for alternative RNA splicing

Answer 53

Introns

Question 54

The original transcript from the DNA is called ____

Answer 54

pre-mRNA

Question 55

The introns are removed by a process called _____ to produce messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 55

splicing

Question 56

Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions called _______

Answer 56

DOMAINS

Question 57

______ is the RNA-directed synthesis of a | polypeptide

Answer 57

Translation

Question 58

Translation involves:

Answer 58

mRNA  Ribosomes – ribosomal RNA  Transfer RNA  Genetic coding – codons

Question 59

3 base codes for the production of a specific amino acid, sequence of three of the four different nucleotides

Answer 59

Codons

Question 60

3 of the 64 codons are used as STOP signals; they are found at the ____ of every gene and mark the end of the protein

Answer 60

end

Question 61

___ brings the amino acids to the ribosomes

Answer 61

tRNA

Question 62

The AUG start codon is recognized by _______

Answer 62

methionyl-tRNA

Question 63

_______, amino acids are added one by one to the preceding | amino acid

Answer 63

elongation stage