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Immunology > L1 - Structure and Components of the Immune System > Flashcards

L1 - Structure and Components of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Give 5 characteristics of the innate immune system

A

Rapid response, preformed, encoded in genome, no memory, not responsive to changes in pathogens

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2
Q

Give 5 characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

Slow initial response, rapid when pre-formed, not inherited, requires gene rearrangement of multiple segments, clonal, specific, has memory, not expressed by all cells of the same type

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3
Q

What 3 types of barriers are there in the innate immune system? Give an example for each

A

Mechanical - skin, mucosa, cilia, mucus, coughs/sneezes
Chemical or biochemical - enzymes e.g. lysozyme, acids e.g. HCl in stomach
Microbiological - normal flora

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4
Q

How can pathogens cross the body’s barriers?

A

Penetrate intact barriers or enter through damage

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5
Q

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A

Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), granulocytes (mast cells, basophils, eosinophils), dendritic cells, natural-killer cells

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6
Q

What immune system are the body’s barriers a part of?

A

The innate immune system

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7
Q

What immune system is the compliment system a part of?

A

The innate immune system

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8
Q

What is the role of phagocytic cells?

A

Recognise, engulf and kill pathogens

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9
Q

What are the types of phagocytic cells?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages/monocytes

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10
Q

What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage?

A

A monocyte is an immature macrophage in circulation; it matures into a macrophage when it enters tissues

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11
Q

Which phagocyte acts as the first line of defence?

A

Neutrophil

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12
Q

Which phagocyte acts as a sentinel cell?

A

Macrophage

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13
Q

What immune cell is know for being multi-functional? Give 3 of its functions

A

Macrophage - phagocyte, sentinel cell, antigen presenting cell, ‘garbage collector’ (endogenous debris)

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14
Q

Which phagocyte has pro- and anti-inflammatory properties? What are these properties?

A

Macrophage - releases cytokines and chemokines

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15
Q

What are the roles of cytokines?

A

Cell-to-cell communication, inflammatory mediator

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16
Q

What is the role of chemokines?

What are the 3 main chemokines released from sentinel cells?

A

Attract other cells to the site of inflammation

TNF-alpha, IL1 and IL6

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17
Q

What are the names of the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils (phagocyte), basophils, eosinophils, mast cells

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18
Q

What is the role of the majority of granulocytes?

A

Release inflammatory mediators from granules

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19
Q

Name some of the inflammatory mediators produced by granulocytes

A

Histamine, prostaglandin

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20
Q

What do eosinophils produce, in addition to inflammatory mediators, that the other granulocytes don’t?

What is this useful for?

A

Lytic mediators - useful in defence against helminths

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21
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presenting cell

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22
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

23
Q

What are the sentinel cells?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells

24
Q

What is the only lymphocyte that is a part of the innate immune system?

A

Natural-killer cell

25
Q

What do natural-killer cell cells target?

A

Cells that pose a threat to the body - malignancies or those infected with intracellular pathogens

26
Q

How do natural-killer cells carry out their function?

A

Secrete cytotoxic proteins from granules onto target cells to trigger apoptosis

27
Q

What is the role of complement proteins, and how do they do this?

A

They enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear away pathogens by forming a complex on the pathogen surface, and creating a hole that immune cells can pass through

28
Q

What are pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?

A

Exogenous signals produced by microbial invaders

29
Q

What are damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)?

A

Endogenous signals produced by damaged or dying cells

30
Q

Give an example of a PAMP

A

Lipopolysaccharide (G-ve bacteria), viral genetic material, mannose, sialic acid

31
Q

What recognises PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

Pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells (macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells)

32
Q

What do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) do?

Give and example of a PRR

A

They recognise PAMPs and DAMPs (repeated patterns) and activate the innate immune system

Toll-like receptors (TLR), rig1-like receptor (RLR), NOD-like receptor (NLR) C-type lectin receptor (CLR)

33
Q

What are the 2 main groups of pathogen killing mechanisms employed by phagocytes?

A

Oxygen dependent and oxygen independent

34
Q

What are some oxygen dependent pathogen killing mechanisms employed by phagocytes?

A

Anti-microbial oxygen-containing molecules, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite (bleach)

35
Q

What are some oxygen independent pathogen killing mechanisms employed by phagocytes?

A

Nitric oxide, enzymes, anti-microbial peptides, act as competitors for resources to deprive pathogen

36
Q

What are acute phase proteins?

A

They act as soluble pattern recognition molecules and enhance pathogen uptake by phagocytes

37
Q

Name an acute phase protein

A

C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin, serum amyloid P

38
Q

What are acute phase proteins produced in response to?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g. IL1 and IL6

39
Q

What cells are involved in the adaptive immune response?

A

B cells and T cells

40
Q

Where do T and B cells get their names?

A

T cells - mature in thymus

B cells - mature in bone marrow, discovered in chicken bursa

41
Q

What immune response do B cells make up?

What does this response do?

A

Humoral immune response - uses antibodies to attack extracellular invaders

42
Q

What immune response do T cells make up?

What does this response do?

A

Cell-mediated immune response - cells coordinate attack on intracellular invaders

43
Q

What are the main types of B cell?

A

B cells - plasma cell, memory B cell

44
Q

What are the main types of T cell?

A

T cells - helper T cell, cytotoxic T cell, regulatory T cell, memory T cell

45
Q

What are plasma cells? What is their role?

A

They are the effector cells of the humoral immune response that differentiate from B cells

They produce soluble antibodies

46
Q

What is the role of helper T cells (Th)?

A

Direct the immune response by producing cytokines

47
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells (Tc)?

A

Trigger infected cell apoptosis

48
Q

What is the role of regulatory T cells (Treg)?

A

Supress immune response to keep it under control

49
Q

What are the 2 forms of antibodies? What cells give rise to these?

A

B cell - produce transmembrane antibodies that act as receptors

Plasma cell - produce soluble antibodies

50
Q

What are the names of the two antibody domains?

A 
Fragment antigen binding (fab) domain
Fragment crystallisable (fc) domain
51
Q

What is the role of the antibody fragment antigen binding (Fab) domain?

A

Binds antigens

52
Q

What is the role of the antibody fragment crystallisable (Fc) domain?

A

Activates complement and phagocytes

53
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The mechanism through which B and T cells specific for an antigen are selected for proliferation

54
Q

What steps are involved in clonal selection?

A
  1. Antigen encounters B/T cells
  2. Antigen binds a receptor that fits
  3. The bound cell is sent a signal to proliferate
  4. Cells differentiate into effector cells or memory cells

Immunology (12 decks)

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