Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

N212 Final > L13: Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

L13: Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

(107 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the characteristics of body fluids that affect cell function(4)?

A

1) volume (amount)
2) osmolarity (concentration)
3) electrolyte concentration (composition)
4) pH (degree of acidity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how much total body water is in intracellular fluid (ICF) in adults?

A

about 2/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how much total body water is in extracellular fluid (ECF) in adults?

A

about 1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two major divisions of extracellular fluid?

A

1) intravascular fluid (liquid part of blood-plasma)
2) interstitial fluid (between cells and the outside of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the minor division of extracellular fluid?

A

transcellular fluid (cerebrospinal fluid, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

fluid that contains a large number of dissolved particles is _________ than the same fluid that contains only a few particles

A

more concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the osmolarity of a fluid?

A

a measure of the number of particles per kg of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Can sodium cross easily through cell membranes?

A

it can but not easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what sets the tonicity of a fluid?

A

presence of particles that can not cross easily across cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is tonicity?

A

the effective concentration of a fluid. A measure of how a solution affects the volume and pressure of a cell’s fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an isotonic fluid?

A

having equal osmotic pressure or concentration of water and solutes.
e.g. blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than another solution, or than the inside of a cell. Water moves out of the cell into the hypertonic solution, causing the cell to shrink or shrivel

a solution that is more concentrated than blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

a solution that has a lower concentration of solute compared to the cell.

a solution that is more dilute than blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is fluid homeostasis?

A

the dynamic interplay of three processes:
1) fluid intake and absorption
2) fluid distribution
3) fluid output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is fluid intake?

A

drinking and eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is fluid distribution?

A

the movement of fluid among its various compartments and between the intracellular and extracellular compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does fluid distribution between intracellular and extracellular compartments occur?

A

by osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how does fluid distribution between vascular and interstitial portions of the ECF occur?

A

by filtration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are examples of fluid output?

A

urine and sweat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

to maintain homeostasis, intake and output have to be…

A

equal to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how much is the average fluid intake via eating and drinking?

A

2300mL for healthy adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe thirst(2)

A

1) the conscious desire for water, regulates fluid intake when plasma osmolarity increases
2) thirst-control mechanism is located in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are osmoreceptors?

A

receptors that continuously monitor plasma osmolarity. when it increases, they cause thirst by stimulating neurons in the hypothalamus

osmoreceptors-mediated thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

baroreceptor-mediated thirst

A

Changes in arterial blood pressure, sensed by arterial baroreceptors, influence drinking behavior. Decreases in ABP stimulate fluid intake, an effect that appears to be mediated entirely via arterial baroreceptor-evoked renin secretion with the resulting increase in blood levels of angiotensin II acting on the brain to stimulate drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Angiotensin II- and III-mediated thirst
refers to the physiological mechanism where the hormones angiotensin II and, to a lesser extent, angiotensin III, directly stimulate the sensation of thirst by acting on specific receptors in the brain, primarily within the subfornical organ (SFO), leading to an increased urge to drink water when the body detects low blood volume or dehydration
26
what is angiotensin II's role in the thirst response?
binds to the hypothalmus in the brain, stimulating thirst
27
describe the relationship between **hormones** and the **kidneys** when it comes to fluid output
the kidneys respond to some hormones that influence urine production
28
which **hormones influence urine production** in the kidneys(3)?
1) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism 3) atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs)
29
what are the avenues of fluid output(4)?
1) kidneys 2) skin 3) lungs 4) GI tract
30
what is **insensible** fluid output?
fluid output that is not visible 1) skin (sweat) 2) lungs
31
what is **sensible** fluid output?
visible fluid output 1) kidneys 2) GI tract
32
how much fluid moves into the GI tract then returns to the ECF?
3 - 6 L
33
the average adults excretes how much fluid each day through feces?
100mL
34
what are S/Sx of clinical dehydration(2)?
1) ECV deficit 2) hypernatremia
35
what is another name for ADH?
vasopressin
36
1. A patient is diaphoretic and has an oral temperature of 104° F. These are classic signs of: A. ADH deficit. B. extracellular fluid loss. C. insensible water loss. D. sensible water loss.
C
37
Fluid and Electrolytes for Nursing Students YouTube Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7piicQkfauk https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xdf7jutmSvg
38
what are normal **sodium (Na+)** lab values?
136-145mEq/L
39
what are normal **potassium (K+)** lab values?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
40
what are normal **chloride (Cl-)** lab values?
98-106 mEq/L
41
what are normal **total CO2** lab values?
22-30 mEq/L
42
what are normal **bicarbonate (HCO3)** lab values?
**arterial**: 21-28 mEq/L **venous**: 24-30 mEq/L
43
what are normal **total calcium (Ca2+)** lab values?
9-10.5 mg/dL
44
what are normal **ionized calcium (Ca2+) lab values?
4.5-5.6 mg/d
45
what are normal **magnesium (Mg2+)** lab values?
1.3-2.1 mEq/L
46
what are normal **phosphate** lab values?
3.0-4.5 mEq/L
47
what are normal **anion gap** lab values?
6+/-4 mEq/L
48
what are the different types of **ECF imbalances**(2)?
1) volume 2) osmolarity
49
what are the types of **osmolarity imbalances**?
1) hypertonic (hypernatremia, water deficit) 2) hypotonic (hyponatremia, water excess)
50
what is clinical dehydration?
ECV deficit and hypernatremia combined
51
Acid-base balance & blood Gas Interpretation You tube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kh62SRovgrI
52
what are ABGs measure?
1) paCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) 2) HCO3 (concentration of the base bicarbonate) 3) PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) 4) SaO2 (oxygen saturation) 5) pH (acid/base)
53
describe **PaCO2**
partial pressure of carbon dioxide - a measure of how well the lungs are excreting CO2 produced by the cells
54
describe **HCO3**
bicarbonate - a measure of how well the kidneys are excreting metabolic acids
55
describe **PaO2**
partial pressure of oxygen - a measure of how well gas exchange is occurring the the alveoli
56
describe **SaO2**
oxygen saturation - percentage of hemoglobin that is carrying as much oxygen as possible
57
describe what deviations in normal **PaCO2** readings mean
**increased levels** - indicates CO2 accumulation in the blood (more carbonic acid) caused by hypoventilation **decreased levels** - indicate excessive CO2 excretion (less carbonic acid) through hyperventilation
58
describe what deviations in normal **HCO3** readings mean
**increased levels** - indicates blood has too few metabolic acids **decreased levels** - indicates that the blood has too many metabolic acids
59
describe what deviations in **PaO2** readings mean
**values below normal** - indicates poor oxygenation of the blood
60
what is SaO2 influenced by?
pH, PaCO2, and body temperature
61
what is base excess?
observed buffering capacity minus the normal buffering capacity. its a measure of how well the blood buffers are managing metabolic acids
62
what are normal **PaCO2** lab values?
35-45 mmHg
63
what are normal **HCO3** lab values?
21-28 mEq/L
64
what are normal **PaO2** lab values?
80-100 mmHg
65
what are normal **SaO2** lab values?
95-100%
66
what are normal **base excess** lab values?
-2 - +2 mEq/L
67
describe what deviations in normal **base excess** readings mean
**values below -2 mEq/L** - indicate excessive metabolic acids **values above +2 mEq/L** - indicate excessive amounts of bicarbonate (acid production)
68
What's is normal blood pH
7.35 - 7.45 Values below 7.35 indicate abnormally acid; above 7.45 they indicate abnormally alkaline.
69
what is respiratory acidosis?
the lungs are unable to excrete enough CO2
70
what is respiratory alkalosis?
the lungs excrete too much carbonic acid
71
what is metabolic acidosis?
occurs from an increase of metabolic acid or a decrease in base (HCO3-)
72
what is metabolic alkalosis?
occurs from a direct increase of base (HCO3-) or a decrease in metabolic acid
73
what are some things that cause **respiratory acidosis**(3)?
1) COPD 2) respiratory failure 3) drug overdose
74
what are some things that cause **respiratory alkalosis**(4)?
1) hypoxemia 2) acute pain 3) anxiety 4) sobbing
75
what are some things that cause **metabolic acidosis**(3)?
1) ketoacidosis 2) circulatory shock 3) end stage renal disease
76
what are some things that cause **metabolic alkalosis**(3)?
1) excessive sodium bicarbonate 2) excessive vomiting 3) hypokalemia
77
infants and young children are at risk for which fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances and why?
**ECV deficit** and **hypernatremia** because body water loss is proportionally greater per kg of weight than older children and adults
78
An infant’s proportion of total body water (________% total body weight) is greater than that of children or adults.
70% to 80%
79
what is involved with a nursing history related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance?
**age** - very young and old at risk **environment** - excessively hot? **dietary intake** - fluids, salts, foods rich in potassium, calcium, and magnesium **lifestyle** - alcohol intake history **medications** - OTC, Herbals, Prescriptions
80
what age group frequently responds to illnesses with fevers of higher temps and longer duration?
children 2-12YO
81
what kind of water loss does fever increase the rate of?
insensible water loss
82
describe adolescent fluid balance
1) increased metabolism and increased water production due to rapid growth changes 2) fluctuations in fluid balance greater in adolescent girls due to hormonal changes associated with the menstrual cycle
83
what can excessive sweating lead to?
without replacement of salt and water it can lead to: 1) EVC deficit 2) hypernatremia 3) clinical dehydration
84
starvation diets and those with high fat and no carbs can lead to...
metabolic acidosis
85
what can chronic alcohol consumption do to your electrolytes?
it can cause hypomagnesemia due to excessive renal magnesium excretion
86
what items are looked at in medical history related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance(4)?
1) recent surgery (physiological stress) 2) GI output 3) acute illness or trauma 4) chronic illness
87
what type of acute illness can be related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance(4)?
1) respiratory disorders 2) burns 3) trauma 4) GI issues 5) acute oliguric renal disease
88
what kinds of chronic illness can be related to fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance?
1) cancer 2) heart failure 3) oliguric renal disease
89
what can happen to a patient's ECV between the second to fifth postop day?
increased aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and ADH can cause increased ECV
90
head injuries typically alters antidiuretic hormone ADH secretion. what does that do to someone?
**scenario #1** - can cause diabetes insipidus (ADH deficit) which causes excessive dilute urine output which leads to **hypernatremia** **scenario #2** - can cause excessive release of ADH which causes retention of of urine and **hyponatremia**
91
what occurs to a patient's fluid and electrolyte balance when they experience hemorrhage(2)?
* ECV deficit and blood loss * severe trauma such as crush injuries can cause hyperkalemia due to cell destruction causing the release of K+ into the blood
92
what can cancer do to fluid and electrolyte balance(3)?
1) hypercalcemia 2) metabolic and endocrine abnormalities 3) at risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalances due to side effects of chemotherapy, biological response modifiers, or radiation
93
what happens to fluid and electrolyte balance in chronic heart failure?
1) diminished CO activates RAAS 2) aldosterone action on the kidneys causes excessive ECV and hypokalemia 3) diuretics used to treat HF increases risk of hypokalemia
94
what is oliguria?
reduced unrination
95
what does chronic nephritis do to urination?
causes sudden onset of oliguria
96
what does chronic kidney disease do to urination?
leads to chronic oliguria
97
what does oliguric renal disease(5 S/Sx)?
prevents normal excretion of fluid, electrolytes, and metabolic acids, resulting in: 1) **excess ECV** 2) **hyperkalemia** 3) **hypermagnesemia** 4) **hyperphosphatemia** 5) **metabolic acidosis**
98
each kg (2.2 lb) lost or gained overnight is equal to how much fluid?
1L of fluid retained or lost
99
intake includes:
all liquids eaten, drunk, received through IV
100
output includes:
urine, diarrhea, vomit, gastric suction, wound drainage
101
how should you weight a patient when assessing for fluid retention or loss?
use same scale every day at the same time (preferably in morning) after pt voids
102
A senior student nurse delegates the task of intake and output to a new nursing assistant. The student will verify that the nursing assistant understands the task of I&O when the nursing assistant states, A. “I will record the amount of all voided urine.” B. “I will not count liquid stools as output.” C. “I will not record a café mocha as intake.” D. “I will notate perspiration and record it as a small or large amount.”
A
103
can I&O be delegated to NAPs?
after they are stable, yes
104
what are health promotion activities associated with fluid and electrolyte balance?
* Fluid replacement education * Teach patients with chronic conditions about risk factors and signs and symptoms of imbalances.
105
what are some interventions related to electrolyte imbalances?
1) support prescribed medical therapies 2) aim to reverse existing acid-base imbalance 3) provide patient safety
106
what are interventions related to acid-base imbalances
regular arterial blood gas analysis
107
what are some restorative care implementations related to fluid and electrolyte balance(3)?
1) Home IV therapy 2) Nutrition support 3) medication safety

N212 Final (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions