L15: A review of wildlife zoonoses

Question 1

Which organisiation undertakes wildlife disease surveillance?

Answer 1

APHA

Question 2

Which other organisations are also involved in disease surveillance?

Answer 2

SAC, Institute of Zoology, FERA, CEFAS

Question 3

Who do APHA provide quarterly and annual reports to?

Answer 3

OIE

Question 4

What does passive surveillance involve?

Answer 4

Submissions to APHA

Question 5

What are three diseases under active surveillance?

Answer 5

Avian influenza, west nile fever, bat Lyssa viruses

Question 6

How do wildlife disease organisations interact at the EU level?

Answer 6

European Wildlife Disease Association

Question 7

What % of emerging diseases are wildlife derived?

Answer 7

72%

Question 8

What can be spread in Herring gull faeces?

Answer 8

Salmonella, Campylobacter, Crypto, Verotoxigenic E Coli, avian influenza

Question 9

Under what situation do young animals increase pathogen shedding?

Answer 9

During stress e.g. rescues

Question 10

What can be spread by owls?

Answer 10

Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria, Spirochaetes

Question 11

Which ectoparasites are carried by hedgehogs?

Answer 11

Ticks and fleas

Question 12

What can be spread by hedgehog urine?

Answer 12

Lepto

Question 13

What can be spread by hedgehog faeces?

Answer 13

Crypto, Salmonella, Yersinia, Chlamydophila

Question 14

What strains of Salmonella are especially spread by badgers?

Answer 14

S typhimurium and agami

Question 15

What 4 diseases may badgers spread?

Answer 15

TB, Salmonella, Crypto, Lepto

Question 16

What are the two types of Lyssavirus which cause bat rabies?

Answer 16

EBL1 and EBL2

Question 17

How many deaths from bat rabies have there been since 1977?

Answer 17

A couple

Question 18

Which license is required before disturbing a bat colony?

Answer 18

Defra

Question 19

What can hares spread (but not in the UK)?

Answer 19

Francisella tularensis

Question 20

What three diseases may wild rabbits spread?

Answer 20

Verotoxigenic E Coli, M paratuberculosis, E cuniculi

Question 21

What 6 diseases can ticks carry?

Answer 21

Lyme, Ehrlichiosis, tick-borne encephalitis (Louping Ill), tularaemia, Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever, Babesiosis

Question 22

What are the symptoms or Ehrlichiosis?

Answer 22

Fever, granulocytosis

Question 23

What kind of a virus is Louping Ill?

Answer 23

A flavivirus

Question 24

What country is tularaemia found?

Answer 24

France

Question 25

What are the symptoms of Babesiosis?

Answer 25

Fever, anaemia

Question 26

What organism causes Lyme disease?

Answer 26

Borrelia burgdoferi

Question 27

What do you treat Lyme disease with?

Answer 27

Doxycycline

Question 28

What % of Lyme cases are in the summer?

Answer 28

50%

Question 29

What are symptoms of Lyme disease?

Answer 29

Erythema migrans (bullseye), fever, headache, muscle pain, arthritis, encephalitis, myocarditis

Question 30

What disease is associated with wooden fish crates?

Answer 30

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Question 31

What may fish tanks harbour unusual serotypes of?

Answer 31

Salmonella

Question 32

What causes Aquarist's nodule?

Answer 32

Mycobacterium marinum

Question 33

How do you identify Mycobacterium marinum?

Answer 33

Cross-reaction with Heaf test

Question 34

What may marine mammals harbour?

Answer 34

Brucella

Question 35

What % of polar bears are seropositive for Brucella?

Answer 35

5%

Question 36

What can you get from undercooked freshwater fish?

Answer 36

Diphyllobothrium latum

Question 37

What can you get from undercooked sea fish?

Answer 37

Anisakis spp

Question 38

What is found as a fluke in freshwater fish or otters in saltwater fish?

Answer 38

Pseudamphistomum spp

Question 39

How much screening is there for wildlife imports?

Answer 39

Minimal

Question 40

What viruses may wild-caught imported animals carry?

Answer 40

Herpes B, hepatitis, SIV, Ebola

Question 41

What bacteria may wild-caught imported animals carry?

Answer 41

Lepto, Salmonella, Shigella, Mycobacteria

Question 42

What parasites may wild-caught imported animals carry?

Answer 42

Entamoeba, toxoplasma, helminths, ectoparasites, dermatophytes

Question 43

What pathogens do bites from wild animals usually give?

Answer 43

Pasteurella or Aeromonas

Question 44

Where is mycoplasma phococerebrale found?

Answer 44

URT commensal/opportunistic pathogen of seals

Question 45

What does a mycoplasma phococerebrale lesion look like?

Answer 45

Painful, progressive, orf-like lesion

Question 46

How do you treat mycoplasma phococerebrale

Answer 46

Tetracycline

Question 47

How do you get infected with mycoplasma phococerebrale?

Answer 47

Scratching or bites

Question 48

What is the only poisonous UK snake?

Answer 48

Adder

Question 49

What % of adder bites give mild symptoms only?

Answer 49

70%

Question 50

How do you treat adder bites?

Answer 50

Antihistamines, anti-inflammatory, fluids, antivenom

Question 51

What are the components of adder venom?

Answer 51

Protease and hyaluronidase

Question 52

What do adder bites cause?

Answer 52

Swelling and pain, compartment syndrome, cardiotoxicity, coagulopathy

Question 53

How can botulism cause mass deaths?

Answer 53

From spreading manure

Question 54

What species is type C botulism from?

Answer 54

Birds

Question 55

What species is type E botulism from?

Answer 55

Marine

Question 56

Where are types A and B botulism from?

Answer 56

Meat/veg

Question 57

Which species are avian botulism outbreaks a threat to?

Answer 57

Cats, dogs, cattle

Question 58

What are the symptoms of botulism in humans?

Answer 58

Initial diarrhoea in humans then constipation, blurred vision, dry mouth, paralysis

Question 59

How do birds get avian botulism?

Answer 59

Toxin ingestion or rarely gut, wound or crop infections

Question 60

Which organisation surveys mass garden bird mortality?

Answer 60

Garden Bird Health Initiative

Question 61

How do you reduce mass garden bird mortality?

Answer 61

Educate public on dead bird handling and disposal

Question 62

What may cause mass garden bird mortality?

Answer 62

Trauma, toxicity, Trichomonas, S typhimurium

Question 63

Which parasites are carried by wild game?

Answer 63

Crypto, Trichinella, spoilage organisms

Question 64

Which bacteria are carried by wild game organisms?

Answer 64

TB, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Clostridia, E Coli, Listeria etc

Question 65

Which metals may be found in game in some parts of the world?

Answer 65

Lead, mercury, cadmium

Question 66

What does the risk of heavy metals depend on?

Answer 66

The amount consumed

Question 67

How quickly must wild game be gutted?

Answer 67

As soon as possible

Question 68

What kind of inspection does private processing require?

Answer 68

None

Question 69

What do you need if wild game is being put for sale?

Answer 69

Hunter's ante-mortem declaration, skinned, dressed and inspected

Question 70

What two things does traceability of game involve?

Answer 70

Tagging of carcases and serial tags

Question 71

Where is PM inspection done for game?

Answer 71

At approved Game Handling Establishments

Question 72

What must feral wild boar be tested for?

Answer 72

Trichinella

Question 73

What are inspection requirements like for wild game?

Answer 73

Less prescriptive e.g. visual inspection

Question 74

When was red squirrel parapox virus first recorded?

Answer 74

1995

Question 75

How does red squirrel parapox virus cause death?

Answer 75

Secondary effects e.g. bacterial infection or exhaustion

Question 76

Why is parapox virus potentially zoonotic?

Answer 76

Homology with Orf

Question 77

Where are there highest rates of red squirrel parapox virus?

Answer 77

Where red and grey squirrel coexist

Question 78

How does red squirrel parapox virus affect grey squirrels?

Answer 78

Shed virus with subclinical infection

Question 79

What is transmission of red squirrel pox virus like?

Answer 79

Highly susceptible but don't support onward transmission

Question 80

Which are the only wildlife which are owned?

Answer 80

Young which belong to landowner until able to leave nest

Question 81

What are the exceptions to WACA 1981?

Answer 81

Care/recovery, killing for welfare, foxes, weasels, hedgehogs

Question 82

Which records must you keep to prove legality when rescuing?

Answer 82

The circumstances of rescue

Question 83

How soon must you release wildlife?

Answer 83

As soon as fit enough

Question 84

Which species must you have a license to release?

Answer 84

Pest

Question 85

What must the release not compromise?

Answer 85

Welfare

Question 86

Under which 4 situations do you need a Defra license when rehabilitating animals?

Answer 86

Schedule 4 birds, open to public, dangerous animals, destructive animals

Question 87

How long is the grace period for schedule 4 birds?

Answer 87

6 weeks

Question 88

Which animals are considered dangerous under the act?

Answer 88

Adders, wildcats

Question 89

Which species are considered destructive under the act?

Answer 89

Grey squirrels, mink, non-European rabbits