L26: Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses and globalisation Flashcards Preview

VPH > L26: Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses and globalisation > Flashcards

Flashcards in L26: Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses and globalisation Deck (42)
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1
Q

Why do America and Europe have more emerging diseases?

A

More research and money here

2
Q

WHere are emerging disease hotspots?

A

Tropics

3
Q

What is the most important factor for new/emerging diseases?

A

War/civil unrest

4
Q

Which viruses are most able to evolve rapdily and why?

A

RNA - innacurate polymerase

5
Q

WHy is there no long-term cross protective immunity in RNA viruses?

A

Evolve rapidly

6
Q

How does climate change affect disease spread?

A

Changes vector habitat and increased replication

7
Q

Which diseases are allowed to develop by bushmeat consumption?

A

HIV, HTLV, Ebola, Monkeypaw, Simian Foamy Virus

8
Q

WHat is stage 1?

A

Only animals

9
Q

What is stage 2?

A

Primary infection, only from animals

10
Q

What is stage 3?

A

Limited outbreaks from animals or a few humans

11
Q

What is stage 4?

A

Long outbreak from animals or humans

12
Q

What is stage 5?

A

Exclusive humans, only from humans

13
Q

Which disease is indistinguishable from FMD?

A

Vesicular Exanthema of Swine

14
Q

How is VES spread?

A

Through swill so all swill pigs must be cooked

15
Q

When was the last case of VES?

A

1956

16
Q

What may VES have developed from?

A

Marine calicivirus from fish

17
Q

When was SARS first described?

A

2002

18
Q

What kind of a virus is SARS?

A

Coronavirus

19
Q

Which species is SARS widespread in?

A

Cats, pigs, birds

20
Q

Why do market controls and quarantines control SARS?

A

Present in palm civets in china markets and horseshoe bat

21
Q

What kind of virus is WNV?

A

Flavivirus

22
Q

Where is WNV found?

A

Africa, Middle East, Asia, S Europe

23
Q

How is WNV spread?

A

Between birds by mosquitos

24
Q

How do WNV present in humans?

A

From subclinical to encephalitis

25
Q

Which animals are incidental hosts of WNV?

A

Humans, horses

26
Q

How could WNV outbreak spread?

A

Migratory birds, viraemic human traveller, infected mosquitos

27
Q

How can WNV be controlled?

A

Eradication impossible so need mosquito control

28
Q

What is an early sign of WNV outbreak?

A

Dead birds

29
Q

What makes up 10% of human hepatitis cases?

A

Hep E

30
Q

What is hep E mortality in pregnant women?

A

20%

31
Q

What are most hep E cases associated with?

A

Travel to the developing world

32
Q

What is hep E prevalence in UK pigs?

A

80%

33
Q

WHich products is hep E associated with?

A

Processed pork

34
Q

What kind of virus is hep E?

A

Rodent virus carried by pigs

35
Q

What virus in monkeypox closely related to?

A

Smallpox

36
Q

Which species does monkeypox affect?

A

Rodents

37
Q

Where is monkeypox found?

A

Central Africa

38
Q

What are symptoms of monkeypox?

A

Fever and pustular rash

39
Q

What happened to mortality and transmission when moneypox spread to humans?

A

Mortality fell, transmission increased

40
Q

How is hantavirus spread?

A

Rodent urine

41
Q

Where is hantavirus found?

A

US national parks

42
Q

What transmission are the most important diseases?

A

Food borne

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