L16 CNS

Question 1

The CNS spinal cord and brain has

Answer 1

• 100 Bil neurons and non-neuronal cells (glia)
• Trillions of synapses
• Synaptic plasticity
• Brain areas that form neuronal circuits

Question 2

Types of drugs that act clinically on the brain

Answer 2

• Antidepressants
• Anxiolytic
• Analgesics
• Anaesthetics

Question 3

Two types of neuronal communications

Answer 3

• Electrical coupling through gap junctions
• CHemical signalling through NT and synapses

Question 4

NT

Answer 4

• Chemical messengers
• Relay info from neurons to muscles or between neurons
• Has more than one lomecular targets and their locations

Question 5

4 Main neuronal communication targets

Answer 5

• 4) degradation of surplus transmitter
• 9) interaction iwth postsynaptic receptors
• 11) reuptake of transmitter or degradation products
• 13) interaction with presynaptic receptors

Question 6

2 important receptor superfamilies

Answer 6

• Ligand gated ion channels (ms)
• G protein coupled receptor (s)

Both found in cell membranes

Question 7

What receptor type is a GABA(A) receptor

Answer 7

ligand-gated ion channels

Question 8

What receptor type is a µ opioid receptor

Answer 8

G-protein coupled receptor

Question 9

What is this

• Release of transmitters (ms)
• Fast synaptic transmission

Answer 9

L-g ion channels

Question 10

What is this

• Slow synaptic transmission
• Neuromodulation

Answer 10

G protein-coupled receptor

Question 11

4 types of mediators

Answer 11

• Small-molecule mediators
• Neurotrophins
• Neuropeptides
• Lipid Mediators

Question 12

Mediator

Small-molecule example, target and drug class

Answer 12

• GABA and serotonin
• LGIC and GCPR
• Gaba = Anxiolytics
• Serotonin= Antidepressants

Question 13

Mediators

Neurotrophin: example, target and drug class

Answer 13

• Brain-devrived neurotrophic factor
• Kinase-linked receptors
• Antidepressants

Question 14

Neuropeptides: example, target and drug class

Answer 14

• Endorphines
• GPCR
• Opioid analgesics

Question 15

Lipid mediators: example, target and drug class

Answer 15

• Prostaglandins
• GPCR
  Non-opioid analgesics

Question 16

NT on molecular targets can be

Answer 16

• exciatotry
• Modulatory
• Inhibitory

Question 17

Types of small NT

Answer 17

• GABA (1º inhibitory NT)
• Serotonin
• Glutamate (1º excitatory NT)
• Dopamine

Question 18

GABA has what types of receptor superfam

Answer 18

LGIC and GPCR

Question 19

Serotonin has what types of receptor superfam

Answer 19

LGIC and GPCR

Question 20

Glutamate has what types of receptor superfam

Answer 20

LGIC and GPCR

Question 21

Dopamine has what types of receptor superfam

Answer 21

G-protein coupled receptor

Question 22

GABA(A) receptor info

Answer 22

• LGIC
• 19 subunits but mainly 2 alpha, 2 beta and a 3rd (to make up 5)

Question 23

GABA B1 =

Answer 23

ligand binding

Question 24

GABA(B) receptor info

Answer 24

• Heterodimer of B1 and B2
• B1 = ligand binding
• B2 = signalling transduction

Question 25

GABA B2 =

Answer 25

signalling transduction

Question 26

Where can GABA(A) be found

Answer 26

* Synapse * Extrasynaptically (outside synapse)

Question 27

Serotonin receptor (5-HT3)

Answer 27

* LGIC * Excitatory * Involved in throwing up

Question 28

Serotonin (5-HTx) | x = 1, 2, 4-7

Answer 28

* All GPCR * Inhibitory * Coupled to G(ai)

Question 29

Glutamate and glutamate receptors

Answer 29

* NMDA - glutamate and glycine are co-agonist * Apart of LGIC * has synaptic plasticity | Other = AMPA/ Kainate (LGIC)

Question 29

5-HT(1A) receptor infor

Answer 29

* Somatodendric on 5HT neurons in raphe nuclei -> cause negative feedback * Located postsynaptically in many brains regions * Antidepressant effect (med) * inhibitory; coupled to Gi | Cell bodies in pon, upper medulla, project to cerebellum medulla and SC

Question 30

Types of dopamine receptors

Answer 30

* D1 (D1 and D5) * D2 (D2, D3 and D4)

Question 31

D1 types info

Answer 31

* High expression in nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical areas * Posyn D1 will ↑ locomotor activity

Question 32

D2 type receptors

Answer 32

* Presyn: ↓ firing rate of NT release * Postsyn: ↓ locomotor activity * Postsyn: Inhibit prolactin secretion from pituitary gland

Question 33

Dopamine 4 pathways (big)

Answer 33

* Substania nigra to striatum: motor control (nigrostriatal) * Vental tegmental area to amygdala, NAc: mesolimbic path - memory, emotion and reward * Ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex: mesocortical pathway - executive function and emotion * Hypothalamus to pituitary gland: (tuberohypophyseal) endocrine control (inhib prolactin)

Question 34

# D Substania nigra to striatum:

Answer 34

motor control (nigrostriatal)

Question 35

# D Vental tegmental area to amygdala, NAc:

Answer 35

mesolimbic path - memory, emotion and reward

Question 36

# D Ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex:

Answer 36

mesocortical pathway - executive function and emotion

Question 37

# D Hypothalamus to pituitary gland:

Answer 37

(tuberohypophyseal) endocrine control (inhib prolactin)

Question 38

Antipsychotics

Answer 38

* D2 antagonist * Chronic = hyperprolactinemia * ⤷ : ↑ prolactin secretion * Extrapyramidal effects like akathisia

Question 39

D2 antagonist

Answer 39

Antipsychotics | Metaclopramide

Question 40

Metaclopramide

Answer 40

* D2 antagonist * Antimetic effects on GI tract and CTZ * Extrapyramidal adverse on brain

Question 41

Metaclopramide PCD

Answer 41

* antagonist of D2 * Affinity and no efficacy

Question 42

Metaclopramide PCK

Answer 42

* metabolised by CYP2D6 * LopP-2.6 therefor lipophilic and cross BBB