L16 Prevention Promotion Protection: Approaches to taking action

Question 1

Why is prevention important?

Answer 1

There are limitations in curing disease and costs of medical care

Question 2

What are the 3 population health actions?

Answer 2

Health promotion
Disease prevention
Health protection

Question 3

What are the two types of strategies in applying population health actions?

Answer 3

Population based (mass) and high risk (individual) strategies

Question 4

What is population based (mass) strategy?

Answer 4

Focuses on the whole population

Aims to reduce risks and improve outcome of all individuals in the population

Useful for a common disease or widespread cause

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE WILL SHIFT

Question 5

What is high risk (individual) strategy?

Answer 5

Focuses on individuals that are of high risk

Intervention is tailored to match the individual and their specific concerns

THE HIGH RISK PORTION OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTION WILL BE REDUCED

Question 6

What are the advantages of population-based strategy?

Answer 6

Large potential benefit for the whole population
Behaviorally appropriate (the health measures become the norm as they are applied to everyone)

Question 7

What are disadvantages of population-based strategy?

Answer 7

Small benefit to individuals - may often be irrelevant

Whole population is exposed to downside of strategy

Question 8

What are the advantages of high-risk strategy?

Answer 8

Appropriate to individuals - more motivating for the individual
Cost effective as resources are only applied to an individual rather than the whole population

Question 9

What are the disadvantages of high-risk strategy?

Answer 9

Cost of screening - need to first identify those who are deemed to be at risk
Temporary effect - does not deal with the root of the problem
Limited potential - weak ability to predict future disease
Behaviorally inappropriate

Question 10

What is health promotion?

Answer 10

Focus: health wellbeing
Actions: acts on determinants of wellbeing

Question 11

What is disease prevention?

Answer 11

Focus: disease
Actions: ways of preventing incidence, prevalence, risk factors, or impacts of disease

3 levels to disease prevention: primary secondary tertiary

Question 12

What is health protection?

Answer 12

Focus: environmental hazards
Actions: risk management, monitoring, risk communication, occupational health

Question 13

What is the Alma Ata 1978?

Answer 13

A health promotion model declared in Kazakhstan on primary health care

Objective was to protect and promote health of all

Involved many pre-requisites:
peace and safety
shelter
education
food
income
stable ecosystem
social justice

Question 14

What is the Ottawa Charter?

Answer 14

Health promotion model produced by WHO

Comprised of 3 basic strategies:
Enable
Advocate
Mediate

Objectives included:
Strengthen community action - community organsed services
Develop personal skills - education and awareness campaigns
Create supportive environments - infrastructure for safety in place
Reorient health services - enhance hospital experience
Building health public policy - taxation on harmful goods like alcohol tobacco

Question 15

What are the 3 levels to disease prevention?

Answer 15

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Question 16

What is the primary level of disease prevention?

Answer 16

Limit the occurrence of the disease by controlling specific causes and risk factors

e.g. get COVID vaccination (before you become infected with COVID)

Question 17

What is the secondary level of disease prevention?

Answer 17

Reduce the more serious consequences of disease - occurs in the time between biological onset and clinical diagnosis

e.g. Regular screening programs for breast cancer in women aged 45-69

Question 18

What is the tertiary level of disease prevention?

Answer 18

Reduce the progress of complications of established disease

e.g. rehabilitation services for burn patients