L17: Dysregulation in fuel homeostasis in diabetes Flashcards
(29 cards)
What goes wrong in diabetes?
Dysregulated insulin secretion/insulin action results in the inability to regulate blood glucose levels properly
Where is insulin made?
In islets of Langerhans which are small clusters of cells in the pancreas
TRUE OR FALSE:
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone
True
What is insulin formed from?
Pro-peptide called proinsulin
How many amino acids in
1) Insulin A-chain
2) Insulin B-chain?
1) 21 amino acids
2) 30 amino acids
What bonds are the insulin chains connected by?
2 disulphide bonds
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Body attacking/destroying its own cells & insulin producing beta-cells are destroyed, this results in insufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose levels
What is glycosuria?
Excess glucose lost in the urine
What is the significance of glycosuria in diabetes?
It reflects poor blood glucose control
Why is insulin essential?
Glucose uptake & storage after food intake
3 treatments for T1D
1) Insulin therapy
2) Automated insulin delivery
3) Islet transplantation
Describe automated insulin delivery treatment in T1D
Continuous glucose monitor (CGM) measures blood glucose every 5 mins, and automically delivers an dose of insulin through patient’s pump
Describe islet transplantation treatment in T1D
Islets are isolated from pancreas of an organ donor, the infused into the hepatic portal vein of the patient. It is lodged in capillaries from the portal vein & secretes insulin
Hormones secreted by … makes cells less sensitive to insulin
Adipocytes
How does obesity contribute to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?
Adipocytes secrete hormones inducing insulin resistance
3 microvascular consequences of diabetic complications
1) Nephropathy (kidney capillaries leaky)
2) Retinopathy (damaged retinal capillaries)
3) Neuropathy (nerve damage, loss of sensation)
What is diabetic retinopathy and why is it significant?
An eye disease damaging retinal capillaries and causing blindness
2 macrovascular consequences of diabetic complications
- Cardiovascular dysfunction
- Atherosclerosis
What is atherosclerosis?
Fatty plaques in arteries
- Reduced blood flow, causing heart attacks & strokes
Difference between microvascular & macrovascular
Micro: affects small blood vessels
Macro: affects large blood vessles
What is T2D linked to?
Obsesity & sedentary lifestyle
Treatment options for T2D
1) lifestyle changes
2) drugs to enhance insulin sensitivity
3) Drugs promoting glucose excretion
4) Insulin therapy
How does blood glucose respond to feeding in a healthy individual?
Blood glucose increases, then returns to normal
What are the long-term risks for children born to mothers with gestational diabetes?
Increased risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and kidney disease
