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Body logistics > L17- Lymphatic system > Flashcards

L17- Lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

function of the lymphatic system

A

1) Fluid balance 2) transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins 3) Defence against invading pathogens and disease 4) storage of and destruction of aged erythrocytes

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2
Q

Fluid balance

A
  • Returns fluid to the heart from tissues o Collecting excess interstitial fluid and returning it to the blood
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3
Q

Transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins

A

Quickest way to send lipid soluble materials from the digestive system to the venous circulation

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4
Q

Defence against invading pathogens and disease

A

a. Lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter the lymph to remove microorganisms, parasites, foreign particles and [cancer cells] b. ‘Visiting’ T and B lymphocytes and macrophages

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5
Q

Storage of and destruction of aged erythrocytes

A

a. The spleen is responsible for this role – liver can take over after splenectomy

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6
Q

organisation of the lymph nodes

A

(1) Lymph (fluid) (2) Lymphatic vessels (3)Lymphoid tissues and organs (lymph nodes etc) (4) Cells contained within tissues and organs

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7
Q

lymphatics in the CNS?

A

no

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8
Q

lymph

A

Fluid which flows through the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

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9
Q

how much lymph produced each day

A

3-4 litres

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10
Q

what does lymph resemble and what is its pH

A

plasma- pH7.4

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11
Q

how does lymph differ from plasma

A

less protein

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12
Q

how is chyle different to lymph

A

lymph that arises in GI tract

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13
Q

what does chyle look like

A
  • White and cloudy (fats and dissolved lipids- chylomicrons and fat-soluble vitamins)
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14
Q

the lymphatic system is not a

A

closed loop

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15
Q

lymphatic capillaries are

A

blind ended- meaning that all left over lymph is dumped into veins

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16
Q

lymphatic capillaries structure

A

smallest lymphatic vessel, endothelial cells line tightly together with some overlapping at the ends to create valves.

found penetrating into lymphatic tissue –> draining system

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17
Q

lymphatic capillaries are in some way comparable to

A

veins

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18
Q

how are lymphatic capillaries comparable to veins

A
  • Low pressure system - Valves
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19
Q

how are lymphatic capillaries different to veins

A
  • BUT NO CELLS NORMALLY (e.g. no RBC or WBC) - Lymph vessels have less smooth muscle
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20
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries do broadly

A
  • Absorb excess interstitial fluid from interstitial tissue
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21
Q

how do lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid

A
  • Highly porous due to Gaps in lymphatic vessels- formed between endothelial cells
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22
Q

what forces lymph into capillaries

A

oncotic pressure= when it reaches a certain level the gaps between the endothelial cells are forced open

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23
Q

what prevents lymph flowing in the wrong direction

A

the way the epithelial cells are layered forms a kind of valve- flow of fluids away from the terminals of the capillary- unidirectional

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24
Q

what anchors lymphatic vessels in place

A

endothelial cells produce RETICULIN (type 3 collagen)

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25
once lymph has entered the capillaries outline its journey
Capillaries --\> Trunks --\>Ducts --\> Veins
26
how is lymph moved unidirectionally around lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels lie adjacent to capillaries, arteries and veins. ***Lymphangion- compression by local veins and arteries propels lymph through the vessels***
27
Like veins, lymphatic vessels are arranged into
superficial and deep.
28
deep lymphatics
e.g. in the limbs, use muscle contraction to aid lymph movement
29
superficial lymphatic vessels use what to move lymph
lymphangion
30
lymphangion
compression by local veins and arteries propels lymph through the vessels
31
larged lymphatic vessels are called
duct and trunks
32
how are ducts and trunks different to smaller lymphatic vessels
contain smooth muscle cells in their walls e.g. abdomen and thorax
33
ducts and trunks are quivalent to
larger veins * Larger fibrocartilaginous valves * Skeletal muscle and organ movement for flow
34
cisterna chyli
large container of chyl from GI tract (recveive lumph drainng from GI organs
35
the abodomen can be split into
4 quadrants 1. right upper quadrant 2. left upper quadrant 3. right lower quadrant 4. left lower quadrant
36
the upper right quadrant drains into
the right subclavian veins
37
the rest of the body drains into the
left subclavian vein
38
as lymph passes through the body is is filtered by
lymph nodes (600-700 in the body)
39
which lymph nodes are clinically important
neck (cervical), grain (inguinal) and armpit (axillae)
40
structure of a lymph node
* Shaped like a kidney * Each node has multiple afferent lymphatic vessels * Enter via the convex surface * A single efferent lymphatic vessel * Leaves via the concave hilum * Each lymph node has a feeding artery and a draining vein that enters and leaves via the hilum * Nodules on the outside of the node (cortex) with germinal centres in the middle
41
nodules in the cortex of lymph nodes contain
germinal centres - which contain immune cells scuh as macrophages, dendritic cells, B and T cells
42
main conenctive tissue fibre in lymph nodes
reticulin produced by reticular cells capsule is covered in collagen 3 and 1
43
follicular dendritic cell activation
Dendritic cells from the periphery use long processes to locate pathogen and phagocytose. The activated dendritic cell then travels to the lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatic vessels and activates T cells. This activates proliferation of B and T helper cells in the germinal centre- release of antibodies into blood via efferent lymphatic vessels.
44
dendritic processes
Dendritic cells have very long processes which find pathogens and T cells and activate them. Macrophages has long processes which helps macrophages with phagocytosis
45
B cells can
recognise antigens by themselves
46
T lymphocytes
must be presented the antigen by an APC
47
48
lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes
49
why does lymphadenopathy occur
* As lymph nodes fight **infection**, germinal centres fill with increasing number of lymphocytes causing the lymph nodes to swell- painful * **Cancers** can metastases to lymph nodes via the afferent lymphatics to also cause swelling * **Lymphoma**- malignancy of lymphoid tissue itself * Hodgkin lymphoma * Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
50
name 5 lymphatic organs
thymus spellen tonsils appendix payers patches
51
52
the spleen is the .... of lymphatic organs
largest
53
where is the spleen loacted
inferior to diagram and posterior to the stomach
54
why is the spleen so red
Rich blood supply Stores RBC (why its so red)
55
by birth the spleen is
fully formed and functional
56
two different type of tissue in the spleen
white pulp- in the centre red pulp- in the cortex
57
white pulp
immunity
58
red pulp
both immmune and haemopoietic systems
59
function of the spleen
* Filters blood in the same way that lymph nodes filter blood * Removal of old RBC and platelets * Immune function- APC * Haemopoietic function * Retrieval of iron from RBC haemoglobin * Erythrocytes storage
60
spleen clinical correlates
Spleen is very soft- rich blood supply Rupture can lead to death through exsanguination Surgeons often remove the spleen
61
after a splenectomy which organs take over removal and desctruction of ageing RBC
liver and bone marrow
62
splenomegaly
enlarges in response to localised infection (just like lymph nodes) and systemic infection (glandular, malaria, septicaemia) - Can enlarge to 10X normal size
63
the thymus is found
superior mediastinum
64
structure of thymus
Has follicles with germinal centres (found through the thymus- unlike lymph nodes)
65
thymus and age
Fully formed and functional at birth By late teens is mostly fat
66
function of thymus
maturation of marrow derived T cells into immune competent T cells - Thymic cell education
67
68
changes in thymus associated with
myasthenia gravis
69
tonsils found in both
nasopharynx and oropharynx
70
by birth tonsils are
fully formed and functional - mainly affected in childhood
71
tonisl constitute
waldeyers ring
72
structure of tonsil
nodule resides inferior to surface invagination (crypts)- many M cells
73
funcion of tonsils
* Prevent antigen ingress through oral, nasal and aural (adenoids) route * Crypts increase surface area
74
tonsils have numerous
Surface of epithelia have numerous microfold (m-cells). Present antigens to underlying immune cells.
75
when tonsils swell
due to B and T cell proliferation
76
the appendix is also known as
the vermiform (worm like) appendix
77
where is the vermiform appendix located
inferior to and attached tot he caecum (ascending colon)
78
structure of the appendix
* Nodule resides inferior to surface invagination (crypts) * Many M cells in epithelial surfaces
79
function of appendix
* Prevents pathogen ingress through GI routes * Prevent pathogen ingress arriving from ileum * Crypts increase surface area
80
81
payers patches located
inferior to and attached to the side of the illium
82
structure of payers patches
Nodule reside inferior to surface domes. Many m cells in epithelial surface
83
payers patches function
prevent pathogen ingress throguh digestion

Body logistics (39 decks)

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