L18 Drugs/Cosmetics Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is minoxidil
A
the first cosmeceutical for male pattern baldness
increases follicular size and anagen growth phase
women can also use (OTC)
2
Q
TF: Fluoride is a drug and cosmetic
A
True, although it prevents tooth decay and gum disease by getting rid of microorganisms, it is also used to keep our teeth looking nice
3
Q
TF: All skincare creams are considered drugs
A
False, some are not while others contain compounds that are classified as drugs
4
Q
Why must we be careful about compounds we put on babies?
A
Babies have high surface to volume ratio for skin
5
Q
Describe the structure of the skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
6
Q
Describe the epidermis
A
outermost layer of the skin (superficial layer)
No vasculature
Hair above epidermis is comprised of dead cells
7
Q
Describe the dermis
A
Contains the blood vessels, hair follicles, various glans (sweat and sebaceous), muscle (goose bumps), and nerve endings
8
Q
What are the roles for 1. sebaceous glands and 2. nerve endings
A
- sebaceous glands: located besides the hair follicle, it secretes sebum which lubricates the surface of the sin
- nerve endings: they are connected to sensory receptors to sense touch, pain, and temperature
9
Q
What is the main element that distinguishes the skins of different individuals
A
chemical structure of melanin in the skin
10
Q
How are melanocytes and keratinocytes related to melanin?
A
melanocytes produce melanin (pigment granules) and insert it into keratinocytes via extensions
11
Q
How does sunburn affect melanocytes
A
melanocytes increase production (increased activity due to UV light) and insertion of melanin resulting in injury (sunburn) and darker skin colour
12
Q
TF: sunburn is a reaction to UV injury
A
True
13
Q
Why does the skin produce more melanin when exposed to UV light?
A
UV light increases melanocyte activity thus producing more melanin
This is because melanin works to block UV light
14
Q
What makes tattoos permanent?
A
macrophages in the dermis layer uptake the pigment
when these macrophages die, surrounding macrophages uptake the ink they release
15
Q
Name 5 kinds of sensory receptors in the skin
A
cold, heat, pain, touch, pressure
16
Q
Why are superficial cuts and burns healed with no scars?
A
Skin cells have a fast turnover so it can continuously repair itself and repair deficits
17
Q
TF: skin structure is the same all over the body?
A
False
skin behind ears is thin while skin on palms or soles are thick
18
Q
TF: The number and types of glands is the same in every individual
A
False, it varies between individuals
19
Q
Why are motion sickness patches applied behind the ears or on the abdomen
A
the skin is thinner there, allowing for better absorption and systemic distribution of the drug
20
Q
TF: most people only have skin problems once they reach adolescence
A
True
21
Q
What is psoriasis
A
It is characterized by patches of abnormal skin, skin turnover is very rapid causing skin to become thicker and cells that rise to the surface to flake off (increase skin cell synthesis)
Psoriasis cases are increasing
22
Q
What is the general cause for photosensitivity?
A
allergic reaction to certain drugs
23
Q
What kinds of drugs can cause photosensitivity
A
antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, NSAIDS, plant and herbal mixtures/remedies, retinoids
24
Q
Why must sunscreen be used on cloudy days?
A
80% of sun rays get through light clouds, mist, fog
25
TF: tanning is safe if it is done sparsely
False, tanning is a reaction to injury and is not safe
tanning increases the risks of cancer and causes wrinkles
26
What is UV light made up of? What does this mean for the skin?
UVA and UVB (290-400 nm range)
Since they have different wavelengths, this causes them to penetrate the skin at different extents
27
Which penetrates the skin deeper: UVA or UVB
UVA (400nm)
28
TF: UVA exposure is greater than UVB exposure
False, UVB exposure is greater
29
TF: Only UVB causes skin damager
False, UVA can also cause injury
30
TF: UV damage can causes cataracts
True
31
TF: tanning can increase the risk of melanoma (deadliest skin cancer) by 59%
True
32
Why are people with freckles particularly vulnerable to UV light
There is very little pigment between the freckles thus there is less protection against UV light
33
What is the biggest risk of sunburn?
The variable types of skin cancer (3)
basal cell carcinoma: can be removed before carcinoma becomes larger
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma: lethal
34
UV light damage includes...
premature wrinkling, broken blood vessels, pigment changes, blotches in the skin, skin cancer
35
What does SPF stand for?
Sun protective factors
it is a measure of efficacy used to compare potency between different sunblocks
A 30 SPF sunscreen would provide 30 times the protection of no sunscreen
36
Why are individuals with lighter skin more prone to sunburn
they have less melanin, thus less protection against UV rays
37
What does broad-spectrum sunscreen mean?
It means it blocks both UVA and UVB
38
What is the minimum SPF in the winter? summer?
winter: 15
summer: 30
39
TF: UV exposure is greater in water and snow
True
water an snow can reflect UV light (snow can reflect up to 85%) thus increasing UV exposure
40
What are retinoids used for?
acne
| +cancer and psoriasis
41
What problems can occur in acne? (4)
1. occlusion of pilosebaceous duct where hair follicles normally come out form
2. bacterial colonization in the duct, releasing inflammatory mediators
3. increased sebum secretion (during adolescence usually), sebum lubricates hair shaft, hair, scalp, skin
4. inflamed sebaceous gland: comedy may rupture and release contents into dermis in severe cases
42
what are the different stages of acne (abnormal keratinocytes)?
A. normal hair follicle
B. Oxidized sebum (mild hyperkeratosis/acne)
- blocking the duct caused sebum to accumulate, sebum at the open end oxidizes to form blackheads
C. trapped sebum (mild hyperkeratosis/acne)
- sebum trap below the surface of the skin forms whiteheads which contains bacteria and leukocytes. Close comedo
D. Bacteria and leukocytes (severe hyperkeratosis/acne)
- bacteria accumulates in sebum which attracts WBC/leukocytes. Rupture of the comedo causes inflammation and spread
- both blackheads and whiteheads (open and close comedo) can accumulate bacteria and increase sebum accumulation
43
TF: Cystic/nodule acne contains sebum, bacteria and leukocytes
True
44
Describe cystic acne
It is characterized by long and deep nodules and presence of cysts
It is usually treated before it gets to extreme levels of severity
| Like a papule/pustule but worse
45
TF: There are no animal models for acne
True
46
TF: Androgens decrease sebum secretion
False, androgens (especially testosterone) increase sebum production
47
What are the 4 hallmarks of acne
increased sebum, increased keratin, increased bacteria, inflammation
48
What are the 4 targets to reduce acne
1. normalize follicular keratinization
- too much keratinization during acne (comedogenesis)
- topical retinoids, accutane
2. reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systemically
- gets rid of infection and inflammation
- benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics
- retinoids have indirect antibacterial effect
3 inhibit sebaceous gland function
- sebum is a medium for bacterial growth, it also blocks the duct
- accutane, hormonal therapy, corticosteroids
- retinoids
- contraceptives for mild acne
4. decreased inflammation
- corticosteroids, NSAIDS, antibiotics, retinoids (useful for all 4)
49
What kinds of drugs can you use for acne? (6)
Retinoids (topical or systemic e.g. accutane)
antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide
hormonal therapy
contraceptives
corticosteroids
NSAIDS
50
What effects do we look for in drugs for acne?
- normalize comedogenesis (regulate keratinocyte turnover)
- inhibit sebaceous gland function
- antibacterials
- anti-inflammatory
51
Why are retinoids such as tretinoin and isotretinoin so powerful in treating acne
they attack multiple targets
52
What are some drugs that normalize comedogenesis
tretinoin (retinoid), benzoyl peroxide, isotretinoin (retinoid), sulfur, azelaic acid
53
What are some drugs that can inhibit sebaceous gland function/decrease sebum production
antiandrogens (spironolactone), corticosteroids (oral, in low doses), estrogen (oral contraceptives), isotretinoin (indirect effect)
54
What are some drugs with antibacterial effects
antibiotics, isotretinoin (retinoid), benzoyl peroxide (local)
55
what are some drugs with anti-inflammatory effects
NSAID (affect sebaceous gland), antibiotics (prevent neutrophil chemotaxis), corticosteroids, retinoids
56
Why are retinoids useful for acne
- normalize comedogenesis
- antibacterial
- anti-inflammatory
57
Why is benzoyl peroxide useful for acne
- normalize comedogenesis
- antibacterial
58
Why are sulfur and azelaic acid useful for acne
they normalize comedogenesis
59
Why is hormonal therapy using antiandrogens (spirolactone), corticosteroids, estrogen useful for acne
it inhibits sebum production
60
Why are corticosteroids useful for acne
- decrease sebum production
- anti-inflammatory
61
TF: Retinoids are Vitamin D derivatives
False, vitamin A derivatives
62
Vitamin A is a generic term for...
retinol, retinaldehyde, retinoid acid, retinoids, and related compounds
63
TF: Retinoids act as hormones and alter gene expression
True
64
What cellular process do retinoids have a major role in?
cellular differentiation
65
TF: Synthetic retinoids are mostly non-aromatic compounds
False, they are mostly aromatic
66
What differentiates third generation retinoids from previous generations?
They are more selective and less toxic
67
What are some very effective retinoids
tretinoin and adapalene (Differin)
68
TF: Isotretinoin is an OTC
False, it requires a prescription
69
What are retinoids used for other than acne?
psoriasis, cancer
drugs that block receptors are very useful
70
TF: Retinol is freely transported through the body as it is water-soluble
False, it is not water soluble. It needs to be bound to the "retinol binding protein" for movement
71
TF: both the retinol and RBP bind to the retinoid receptor and enter the cell
False, only the retinal binds and enters the cell. The RBP dissociates
72
What happens once retinol enters the cell?
Retinol is bound by cellular RBP and then converted to retinaldehyde, then retinoic acid by enzymes in the cytoplasm
73
How can retinol affect gene expression (pharmacodynamics at a molecular level)
- retinoid acid binds to retinoid acid binding protein to be taken to nucleus
- 2 molecules of retinoid acid bind to RAR ad RxR receptors on the nucleus causing their dimerization (heterodimer)
- dimerization causes retinoid acid response element to alter gene expression
74
RAR (retinoid acid receptors) and RxR (retinoid X receptor) are in which receptor family?
nuclear hormone receptor family
75
TF: trans retinoid binds to RXR and cis retinoid binds to RAR
false
trans - RAR
cis - RXR
76
TF: RXR has subtypes the includes isoforms alpha, beta, delta
False, RAR has subtypes (alpha, beta, gamma)
RXR has 1 subtype (alpha)
77
What are factors that determine whether the binding to nuclear hormonal retinoid receptors RAR and RXR increase or decrease gene expression
cell type
combination of dimer
agonist
78
Change in gene expression triggered by retinoids can lead to...
- decrease in sebum production/decrease in keratinocyte activity
- decrease in inflammation w/ antibacterial effect
- change in sebum composition (does not foster bacteria anymore)
overall decrease in acne
79
TF: retinoids are teratogens only at high doses
False, they are teratogens even at low doses
Can affect 1st month of pregnancy
80
What makes retinoids teratogenic?
Retinoids play a huge role in cell differentiation which can affect fetus development
81
What can retinoids cause in fetus?
malformations in face (skull, ears, jaws), kidneys, heart
psychological and intellectual development also affected
82
TF: Retinoids may cause GI disorders
True
83
Can retinoids cause inflammatory bowel disease
Yes
84
Interaction of retinoid with what kind of drug can cause possible GI distress?
NSAIDS
85
TF: Antibacterial soap for washing faces is necessary for clear skin
False, humans have natural bacteria present in their follicles
86
How does soap reduce transmission of colds?
it gets rid of superficial bacteria and viruses which can be transmitted
87
TF: Moisturizers can repair the skin
False, they lubricate skin but do not repair it
88
TF: Moisturizer prevents aging
False, only sunblock can prevent aging (or the signs of aging)
89
What is skin cream a mix of?
water, powder (active ingredient), grease/oil (for application)
90
TF: humans can absorb collagen and elastin through epidermis
False, epidermis is impermeable to collagen and elastin
91
What do advertisements include to convince you to buy an acne products
- attractive people
- doctor-approved signature
- scientific information
92
TF: moisturizers can fix cellulite
False,
moisturizer can only penetrate skin at its surface level while cellulite occurs at deeper levels
93
Most ingredients in cosmeceuticals are... (3)
preservatives (stop microbial growth), fragrances, surfactants
94
What makes cosmeceuticals potentially toxic?
- trace metals
(transdermal absorption increase due to damaged skin barrier)
- phthalates
- parabens
95
What are phthalates and why are they dangerous
perfumes, lotions, nail polish, hair care
carcinogenic at high doses, endocrine disruptors, reproductive system disruptors, immunotoxicity, allergies, lowers sperm count
96
Why are parabens dangerous
they can disrupt the immune system
97
What causes cold sores?
herpes virus (DNA virus) HSV-1
- herpes nests in nerve endings of trigeminal ganglions
- it can then be triggered by stress, disease, etc. where it does through the nerve and causes a lesion
- immune system keeps it contained
98
Why is it problematic if you are immunocompromised if you have cold sore herpes
immune system is what keeps it contained within the mouth area/trigeminal ganglion
without it, it could spread and make it worse
99
Which drug is very effective against HSV-1? What does it do
Acyclovir
inhibits viral proliferation
100
What is acycloGTP and what does it do
it is a phosphorylated and activated form of acyclovir
It inhibits viral DNA polymerase, may also cause chain termination
101
How much hair do we have
5 million hairs
100 000 on head
102
At what rate does hair grow
6 in / year
103
TF: hair can grow infinitely long
False, hair usually only grows for a certain amount of time until it falls out
max is usually 3 ft
104
What inserts pigment into hairs?
melanocytes
105
What are the different layers of a hair
cuticle (outer, dead cells)
cortex (inner)
medulla (core)
106
Where are the live cells located in hair
base of follicles under the surface of the skin (in the matrix)
107
TF: There are stem cells located on the side of hair shafts
True
108
Why are there stem cells on the side of hair shafts
to initiate growth of new follicles after the old one falls out
109
In which layer of the hair is keratin located
Cortex
110
What is the composition of hair cortex
Keratin
protofibrils make up microfibrils which make up macrofibrils which are packed together in the cortex
111
What factors can affect the hairs ability to retain moisture
hair texture
humidity (more humid = more curly)
heat drying
112
Describe the hair growth cycle
1. 'bulge' stem cells turnover and create new hair
2. anagen active growth phase: follicle grows for 2-6 years
3. Catagen/transition phase: 1-2 weeks, hair stops growing and starts to involute (fold inward) at base
4. Telogen/resting phase: hair is ready to fall out
113
TF: beard growth increase in july
True
114
TF: Scalp hair sheds in winter
false, It sheds in summer
115
How do hormones alter hair growth?
estrogen and progesterone retains hair in anagen phase (during pregnancy)
hair goes into telogen phase after pregnancy is over so that all the hair that was supposed to be lost is shed + a few more
116
What can damage hair?
heat, brushing (back combing/teasing), chlorine, bleach
lacquer doesn't damage hair as it stays on the surface and can be washed off
| +UV damage
117
What cause hair to be curly?
They have more hydrogen and disulphide bonds
*curly hair has more of both, and its important to keep curly hair moisturized for well-defined curls ;)
118
Describe the order of compounds that lead to hair pigment
tyrosine -> dopa -> dopaquinone -> eumelanin or pheomelanin
119
TF: modifications to tyrosine is the reason behind the variety of hair colours we see in different individuals
True
120
What causes hair bleaching
sun (UV damage) and peroxide can damage melanin i.e. structural shift and a change in refraction of light and colour
121
What makes a hair dye permanent?
It penetrates into the cortex
To do so, chemical structure of hair must be disrupted
122
TF: bleach can cause cuticles to raise
True
123
How much hair do we lose per day
50-100
124
What are terminal hairs replaced by in male baldness?
villus (soft and thin little hairs)
Replaced and there are less of them
125
What makes male and female baldness different?
female baldness is only the thinning of the hair rather than the loss of hair
126
What is a drug that can be used to treat baldness? How does it work
Rogaine minoxidil: increases follicular size and prolongs the anagen growth phase of hair
| +Finesteride and Dutasteride (alpha-reductase inhibitor, decrease DHT)
127
TF: Susceptibility to hair loss is the same at all part of the head
False
128
What is Finasteride (Propecia)? What does it do
it is used to treat baldness (more effective than minoxidil) systemically
More efficient when used before baldness becomes extensive
It inhibits the 5-reductase (which converts T to DHT) thus preventing bladness (DHT is more potent than T in its ability to make people bald lol)
129
How does DHT cause baldness
it acts not he nucleus of follicles to cause changes
130
TF: Finasteride (propecia) is teratogenic for male fetuses
True
| Finasteride is used to treat hair loss in men
131
TF: Dutasteride is used to treat acne
False, it is used to treat baldness as it inhibit 5-reductase i.e. DHT synthesis
132
What are 2 hair damage products that work? How do they work
olaplex and K18 (peptide with 18 amino acids)
olaplaex: repairs damaged keratin (repairs broken disulphide bonds) by making an ionic bond and inserting itself between 2 keratin molecules
K18: relinks broken keratin strands
133
What is fluoride used for
prevention of cavities and gingivitis
134
When are primary teeth formed?
in utero
135
Taking which drug during pregnancy can cause tooth discolouration in baby?
tetracycline (accumulate in teeth causing discolouration)
136
TF: toothpaste contains abrasive compounds for whitening
True
137
Which drug can cause gingival hyperplasia i.e. growth of gums over teeth?
phenytoin (drug to treat seizures)
138
TF: fluoride is antimicrobial
true
139
What makes fluoride antimicrobial
it strengthens the mineral lattice of the teeth (remineralization), defending against bacterial erosion
140
What causes white spots on teeth?
mild floride overdose (fluorosis)
141
TF: 1/2 people have gum disease
False, 3/4 people have gum disease
142
What is periodontal disease
it is a disease that makes teeth susceptible to bacterial growth causing problems for the gums and loosening the teeth
143
What is gingivitis
inflammation of gingiva (gums)
red swollen gums that bleed easily
144
How do you treat gingivitis
mouthwash or toothpaste with phenols
phenol interferes with bacteria that cause gingivitis
