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PHAR300 > L20 Cures for Sale > Flashcards

L20 Cures for Sale Flashcards

1
Q

What are warts caused by

A

viruses

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2
Q

What are some traditional remedies for warts? Did they work

A

rub w miracle flowers, radish, raw potato (bury the potato in clay), dandelion flower milk, etc.

nah, 80% of the time warts disappeared on their own in less than 2 years

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3
Q

What are the 3 questions we ask ourselves in evidence-based medicine?

A

does this drug work?
what are the side effects?
how does it compare with what is available?

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4
Q

What are 2 kinds of “complementary and alternative medicines CAM”

A

herbal remedies and homeopathy

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5
Q

What is alternative medicine based on

A

hearsay, folklore, imagination

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6
Q

TF: alternative medicine can become conventional medicine

A

True, if there is evidence

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7
Q

Why can CAM be dangerous?

A

<40% of products used are reported to physicians and many of them have risks associated with them (drug interactions)

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8
Q

What are the 4 traits of conventional medicine

A
  1. evidence based
  2. better than placebo
  3. benefits outweigh side effects
  4. documented
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9
Q

Why is developing a novel drug so long an expensive?

A

many stages of research, must be approved, pre-clinical and clinical trials,
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics must be known, bioavailability, storage,
acute and chronic toxicity, mutagenicity, teratogen

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10
Q

Clinical trials are designed to answer which questions

A

does it work, is it safe, how does it compare?

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11
Q

What animal testing is done for mutagenicity

A

AMES

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12
Q

Which tests are followed for drug evaluation?

A

double blind: person giving the drug and person receiving the drug do not know which is placebo and which is active (no psychological influence)

randomization: random distribution of placebo and drug in group/cohort

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13
Q

Why do placebos work? what fraction of people experience placebo response?

A

they work thanks to a belief system due to psychosocial context, varies with disorder, relationship to caregivers, ritual of taking medicine, strength of belief

1/3

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14
Q

What conditions must a drug comply to to be deemed effective

A

better and longer lasting effect than placebo

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15
Q

Cold sores and fevers blisters are caused by _

A

HSV-1

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16
Q

TF: most plants are non-toxic

A

False

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17
Q

What is homeopathy? How is it made?

A

belief system (late 1700s) based on fighting fire with fire; we can fight a disease by giving something else that creates the same symptoms

Made by diluting compound (termed ‘potentization’) 1:100 and banging and mixing the vial in between each dilution

Final concentration of 1/60^60

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18
Q

How are CAMs and homeopathic remedies marketed?

A

Try to legitimize themselves by using scientific terms
Claim to have superior effectiveness without any side-effects
Capitalize on placebo response
Claim that you need to take them for 6 months for results
Use of testimonials

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19
Q

What alternative medicine is sold as an antibiotic

A

snake/oregano oil

makes it worse if you have an infection, does not replace vaccines as some claim it to

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20
Q

What are homeopathic nosodes

A

sugar pills that claim to immunize against diseases such as influenza, whooping cough, measles, diphtheria, polio
- basically “vaccine pills”

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21
Q

TF: dietary supplements can cure hepatitis C

A

False

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22
Q

What is the estimated worth of herbal medicine globally

A

60 billion USD

5 trillion by 2050 (estimate)

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23
Q

What are the prime targets for herbal remedies (5)

A

conditions that eventually go away (colds, aches, pains)
conditions w high psychological component (anxiety, insomnia)
chronic conditions that naturally cycles (GI conditions, allergies, arthritis)
cosmetics (aging)
terminal illnesses (heart failure, cancer)

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24
Q

Gingko biloba was marketed for…

A

cataracts, erectile dysfunction

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25
Q

Shen min marketed for…

A

alopecia, hair loss, baldness

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26
Q

HGH (human growth hormone) supplements were marketed for…

A

weight loss, hair colour, immune system

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27
Q

What compound used to sold as a cure all? What is it nowadays? What did it claim to cure

A

snake oil
oregano oil

antibiotic for bacterial and fungal infections, parasites, viruses, inflammation

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28
Q

What were Actra-Rx and Yilishen marketed for?

A

dietary supplements for erectile dysfunction and enhancing sexual performance

illegally contained prescription strength viagra (sildenafil) - serious risk of drug interactions

29
Q

Yohimbine was sold for

A

bodybuilding, male sexual performance, impotence

contains an active that is an alpha-2 blocker in the periphery and CNS, can cause seizures and paralysis

30
Q

Leritone

A

increase memory and make you smarter

main ingredient: cow brain (cerebral phospholipids)

*CAM

31
Q

TF: although herbal remedies do not work for osteoarthritis, acupuncture is a proven therapy

A

False!

glucosamine and chondroitin also aren’t useful for osteoarthritis

32
Q

What are hazards associated with herbal remedies?

A

herbal roulette
no quality control
ineffective
+drug interactions

33
Q

Echinacea is sold as …

A

antibiotic

for acne, boils, difficult skin conditions, immune system stimulant/booster

equivalent to placebo

34
Q

What is Ephedra (Ma Huang)

A

powerful stimulant in the amphetamine family

weight loss, asthma, athletic ability

add ephedra to coffin and aspirin can cure the problem (claimed to be problem in nervous system causing weight gain)

CONS: can cause myocardial infarct (heart attack) and stroke

35
Q

Kava

A

sold for stress, anxiety, insomnia

CONS: CNS effects, hallucinations, hepatotoxicity

36
Q

Green tea extract

A

causes liver failure when concentrated

sold as weight loss drug

37
Q

White rhino horn

A

sold as aphrodisiac, sexual stimulant

now extinct

38
Q

Chinese remedies were usually made of…

A

mixtures of compounds from plants and animals

based on trial and error

39
Q

Describe St John’s wort, what it was used for, its drug interactions

A

advertised for depression

Many drug interactions (potential fatal)
- Remission of HIV
- Decreased levels of drugs such as Midazolam (benzodiazepine) due to increased CYP3A4 activity
- Decreased levels of statins (thus increase risk of heart attack)
- interactions with anti-epileptics, oral contraceptives, HIV protease inhibitors, chemotherapy drugs like imatinib, immunosuppressants like cyclosporine, causes photosensitivty

40
Q

Why is concentrated garlic/ginseng dangerous

A

garlic: concentrated garlic acts as an anti-coagulant (interact with aspirin)
ginseng: Induction of P450s thus lowering your drug activity and bleeding to death

41
Q

What are major categories of OTCs

A

analgesics, NSAIDS

42
Q

TF: OTC are originally prescription drugs that have been ruled to be safe

A

True

43
Q

Why is it dangerous to combine medicines that contain acetaminophen

A

risk of overdose

44
Q

TF: Most OTCs are symptom relievers

A

True

45
Q

How do nasal decongestants work

A

they constrict the blood vessels in the nasal mucosa thus decreasing leaky-ness and swollen-ness which impedes breathing

46
Q

Stimulation of which receptors on smooth muscles constricts the blood vessels of the nose

A

alpha1

47
Q

Once activated, what do alpha1 receptors do?

A

stimulate the release of calcium within smooth muscle cells, resulting in contraction and vasoconstriction - mucous production and swelling are reduced

48
Q

What are some alpha1 receptor agonists

A

phenylephrine, oxymetazoline

49
Q

why are nasal sprays better than oral decongestants

A

local effect, decreased chances of side effects

50
Q

Drugs for allergies contain _

A

antihistamines

51
Q

What happens during an allergic reaction at a molecular level?

A

allergen reacts with mast cell, causing it to release histamine

histamine an acts on H1/2 receptors on smooth muscle in airways

52
Q

Blocking which receptor allows for allergy relief? why?

A

H2 receptors in airways

decreased bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion

53
Q

Antibiotics can act on which properties of bacteria (5)

A

cell wall synthesis
DNA gyrase
protein synthesis
cell membrane
folic acid metabolism

54
Q

Athlete’s foot is treated with

A

Antifungal preparation (topical): puncture hole in the fungal wall

Tolnaftate 1% solution, cream, or powder

55
Q

What can be used to cure lice

A

Nix shampoo

56
Q

What is heartburn and how can it be treated (2)

A

gastric acid reflux back into esophagus

decrease gastric acid produced by parietal cells which make HCl
parietal cells have proton pumps that pump out HCl
These cells are stimulated by histamine, ACh, and gastrin

  1. 2nd gen H2 blocker (histamine receptor) does not inhibit P450 thus less chances of drug interaction

or

  1. proton pump inhibitors e.g. Omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, esomeprazole (-ole); originally prescription, but now OTC; activated by acid in stomach
57
Q

Name a drug that can be used for heartburn

A

omeprazole

-ole = proton pump inhibitor (target for heartburn) along wth H2 rcptrs

58
Q

Constipation can be treated by _

A

fiber found in oat bran, cereals, laxatives, metamucil

59
Q

Lorepramide is used for

A

diarrhea

60
Q

What is Lorepramide

A

an opioid that doesn’t cross the blood brain barrier (thus non-addictive, no CNS effects)
stops diarrhea
stimulates mu (u) receptors (opioid receptors) on intestinal wall in the myenteric plexus

calms the propulsive waves (peristalsis)

61
Q

Osteoporosis occurs in _% of males and _% of females

A

20 males
25 females

62
Q

What are some consequences of osteoporosis

A

collapse of vertebra and deformity of the spine

63
Q

When does maximum bone strength occur

A

late 20s, early 30s

64
Q

What can be done to increase bone strength

A

exercise, calcium intake

65
Q

TF: lower bone strength increases the likelihood of osteoporosis later in life

A

True

66
Q

what can be used to increase bone density

A

calcium carbonate (e.g. TUMS)

helps osteoblast function

67
Q

OTCs must have (4)

A

quality control, evidence of efficacy, list of potential side effects, continual monitoring for rare reaction/interactions

68
Q

What can be used to treat warts

A

salicylic acid

PHAR300 (13 decks)

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