L18: Potassium And More

Question 1

Where does most of the potassium exist

Answer 1

Intracellular

Question 2

What would happen to the potassium if we add more potassium into the extracellular spade

Answer 2

Potassium will move to the intracellular space

Question 3

What occurs when there is high potassium potassium

Answer 3

Hyperkalaemia

Question 4

What are the causes of hyperkalaemia

Answer 4

End stage renal failure 
Crush injury 
Blood transfusion
Insulin deficiency 
Over use of potassium sparing diuretics

Question 5

What is the consequence of hyperkalaemia

Answer 5

Cardiac dysrhythmia

Question 6

What is the treatment of hyperkalaemia

Answer 6

Restrict potassium diet

Insulin or glucose

Question 7

How does insulin/glucose cause the decrease of potassium

Answer 7

Insulin stimulates sodium/potassium ATPase so insulin will decrease potassium
Glucose causes the release of insulin

Question 8

What occurs when there is low level of potassium

Answer 8

Hypokalaemia

Question 9

What are the causes of hypokalaemia

Answer 9

Diarrhoea
Furosemide (diuretics)
Insulin overdoes

Question 10

What is the consequence of hypokalaemia

Answer 10

Cardiac dysrhythmia

Question 11

What is the treatment for hypokalaemia

Answer 11

Give intravenous potassium

Potassium containing food

Question 12

How is potassium absorbed at the proximal tubule

Answer 12

Absorbed passively and with water paracellular

Question 13

How is potassium absorbed at the thick ascending limb

Answer 13

Via NKC22 transporter

Question 14

Where is potassium secreted in the nephron

Answer 14

From Distal tubule to collecting duct

Question 15

Which cells secrete potassium from distal tubule to collecting duct

Answer 15

Principal cells

Question 16

Which hormone controls principal cells to secrete potassium

Answer 16

Aldosterone

Question 17

What is the role of aldosterone

Answer 17

Increase the channel expression

Question 18

What is the channel of the principal cell called

Answer 18

Apical membrane potassium channel (ROMK)

Question 19

What other channel at the distal tubule causes the secretion of potassium

Answer 19

Calcium activated potassium channel

Question 20

Which other part of the nephron is potassium secreted at

Answer 20

Thick ascending limb

Question 21

Which drugs increase the secretion of potassium

Answer 21

Diuretics such as furosemide

Question 22

Which main hormone regulates the potassium concentration

Answer 22

Aldosterone

Question 23

What is the other role of aldosterone in the kidney

Answer 23

Regulate volume

Question 24

Which are the 2 main points where calcium is reabsorbed in the nephron

Answer 24

Proximal tubule

Thick ascending limb

Question 25

How does calcium get reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

Answer 25

Moves inside the cell via calcium channels | Moves across the basolateral membrane by calcium ATPase

Question 26

How is calcium reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb

Answer 26

Absorbed by the positive potential in the lumen

Question 27

Which hormone does the kidney produce to regulate erythropoiesis in the bone marrow

Answer 27

EPO (erythropoietin)

Question 28

When is erythropoietin produced

Answer 28

In hypoxia

Question 29

Where is EPO synthesised

Answer 29

In the renal cortex of mesangial cells

Question 30

Which transcription factor stimulates EPO production

Answer 30

HIF-2

Question 31

In what type of disease does EPO levels decrease

Answer 31

Renal failure

Question 32

What is the treatment for low levels of EPO

Answer 32

EPO analogues

Question 33

Which hormone is activated in the kidney to stimulate the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the gut

Answer 33

1,25 vitamin D

Question 34

Where do we get inactive vitamin d from

Answer 34

Sun/skin | Diet

Question 35

What does activated vitamin D do to the absorption of calcium and phosphate

Answer 35

Increase it

Question 36

Where is calcium and phosphate absorbed from

Answer 36

The gut

Question 37

Which hormone is vitamin D under the control of

Answer 37

PTH

Question 38

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of blood volume that is produced in the kidney

Answer 38

Renin

Question 39

Therefore what are the 3 hormones the kidney can produce

Answer 39

EPO Active vitamin D Renin

Question 40

Where is calcium reabsorbed in the nephron

Answer 40

Proximal tubule | Thick ascending limb

Question 41

How is calcium reabsorbed in the proximal tubule

Answer 41

Transcelullar via calcium channel on the apical membrane and calcium ATPase on the basolateral membrane

Question 42

How is calcium reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb

Answer 42

Due to the reabsorption of water