L2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are the three main areas assessed during ophthalmoscopy?
External eye, media, and fundus
Which structures are included in the anterior segment examination?
Lids, lashes, conjunctiva, sclera, iris, pupil, cornea.
Which structures are included in the media examination?
Anterior chamber, crystalline lens, vitreous body.
What is the red reflex and how is it useful?
The reflection of light off the retina used to highlight opacities in the cornea or lens; opacities appear dark in retroillumination.
How can floaters in the vitreous be detected?
By asking the patient to look up and down and observing movement of floaters in the vitreous.
What does a dead white appearance of the optic disc indicate?
Possible optic atrophy.
Why is the ISNT rule clinically useful?
Loss of the ISNT rule may indicate glaucoma.
What are choroidal and scleral crescents?
Choroidal crescent: ring of pigmentation around the disc (esp. temporal); scleral crescent: white crescent-shaped area temporal to the disc (esp. in myopic eyes).
What may a blurry border of the optic disc indicate?
Possible pathological changes.
How do arteries and veins differ in appearance in the healthy retina?
Veins are thicker than arteries.
What should be assessed in retinal blood vessels?
Caliber, irregularities (dilation, tortuosity, beading), arteriovenous crossings, arterial light streak, arterial and venous pulsation.
What does ‘nipping’ at arteriovenous crossings indicate?
Compression of veins by arteries, often seen in hypertension.
What is a ‘copper wire’ artery and what does it indicate?
A pale section of a normally red artery, indicating restricted blood flow due to fatty deposits (arteriosclerosis).
What causes the mottled appearance of the fundus background?
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).
What is a tegroid fundus?
Fundus where choroidal vessels are visible due to thin RPE.
How is the position and size of fundus details recorded?
Relative to the optic disc, using disc diameters (DD) and direction (clock face or degrees).
How do you locate the macula during ophthalmoscopy?
Focus on the disc, then move about 2.5 disc diameters temporal and slightly inferior.
When recording results with indirect ophthalmoscopy
what should you remember about gaze direction?
If the patient looks up
you are still viewing the superior retina; only the image appears inverted and reversed.
What drug is commonly used for pupil dilation at 1% concentration?
Tropicamide 1% (or 0.5% for light irides)
Tropicamide is often used for dilating pupils during eye examinations.
What is another drug used for pupil dilation?
Phenylephrine 2.5%
Phenylephrine is commonly used in various ophthalmic procedures.
Which drug is usually used for pupil dilation in children?
Cyclopentolate 1%
Cyclopentolate is preferred for pediatric patients to facilitate eye examinations.
