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Semester 2 Musculoskeletal System > L2: Basic concepts > Flashcards

L2: Basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Muscle
  • Bone
  • Connective Tissue
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2
Q

What is the embryonic origin of the 3 main components?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Metabolism (calcium and phosphate)
  • Storage (calcium, phosphate, proteins, fat)
  • Movement (at joints)
  • Hematopoiesis
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4
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Locomotion
  • Metabolic
  • Posture
  • Venous return
  • Heat production
  • Continence
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5
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue and there function?

A
  • Tendon –> muscle to bone
  • Ligament –> bone to bone
  • Fascia –> compartmentalisation and protection (very tough)
  • Cartilage –>
    • Hyaline –> end of bones –> friction-less movement
    • Fibrocartilage –> shock absorber and bony congruity (complementary shape to bone) –> IVD and knee
  • Synovial Membrane –> synovial fluid –> lubrication
  • Bursae –> Synovial fluid filled sacs –> frictionless movement of tendons, ligaments etc
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6
Q

What are the main cells found in bone? What is the function of each?

A
  • Osteoblasts –> formation of bone, synthesis and deposit osteoid (collagen), then add calcium phosphate to mineralise it
  • Osteoclasts –> Resorption of bone, multinucleated, secrete acid to dissolve bone and then absorb minerals (calcium and phosphate)
  • Osteocytes –> Osteoblasts trapped in lacuna, filipodia –> communication and nutrients
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7
Q

What type of bone forms the outer layer?

A

Compact or cortical bone

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8
Q

What type of bone forms the inner bone?

A

Spongy or cancellous bone

Spaces occupied by bone marrow

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9
Q

What are the two division of the skeleton?

A

Axial –> longitudinal axis (trunk and head)

Appendicular –> Upper and lower limbs

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10
Q

Define osteology?

A

The study of the structure and function of bones.

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11
Q

How are bones classified?

A
  • Long- Length > width
  • Short- Length = width
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid - In tendon
  • Flat - roughly parallel edges
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12
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A
  • Length > Width
  • Diaphysis –> long shaft
  • Metaphysis –> flares out adjacent to growth plate
  • Epiphysis–> End of long bone
  • Articular surface –> hyaline cartilage
  • Medullary cavity –> Lind with endosteum
  • Periosteum –> outside of bone
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13
Q

What is contained within a long bone?

A

Children–> Red marrow –> hematopoiesis

Adults –> Yellow marrow –> fat

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14
Q

How is a long bone supplied?

A

Nutrient artery penetrates the diaphysis.

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15
Q

Where are long bones normal found? Why?

A

Appendicular skeleton
Rigid levers
Muscle attachment and movement

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16
Q

Where are short bones found? Function?

A

Long= Wide
Ankle joints and wrist
Stability and great range of movement.

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17
Q

Where are flat bones found? Function?

A

Skull, ribcage, pelvis, sternum
Protection
Attachment for muscles

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18
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Vary in shape and size

Vertebrae–> offer protection

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19
Q

What is a seasamoid bone? Function?

A

Bone within a tendon (patella, hands and feet)
Protection from stress and wear
Falcrum for muscles

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20
Q

What are processes? What are the different types?

A 
Prominent projections of a bone. 
Articulating or non articulating.
Articulating
- Head --> rounded
- Condyle --> knuckle like
- Facet --> flat surface
Non Articulating 
- Epicondyle -->Small projection 
- Trochanter --> Blunt projection 
- Tubercle --> knob-like rounded process
- Tuberosity --> large roughened process
- Crest --> prominent border on ridge
- Line --> less prominent ridge
- Spine --> sharp slender process
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21
Q

What are depressions? Different types?

A

Indents on bone –> Blood vessel, nerves, soft tissue

  • Fovea
  • Sulcus/ groove
  • Fossa
  • Cavity
  • Notch
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22
Q

What are openings?

A

Where BV or nerves pass through bone

  • Fissure –> slit like opening
  • Foramen –> Hole
  • Canal –> Tube-like
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23
Q

What is the blood supply to all bones? What additional blood supply?

A

Periosteal arteries –>periosteum
Nutrient artery –> diaphysis

Some bones:
Metaphyseal arteries –> enter at site of attachment of capsule
Epiphyseal arteries –> supply epiphysis when growth plate present
Anastamose in adulthood

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24
Q

What happens if blood supply to bone is lost? What could cause this to happen?

A

Avascular necrosis

Fracture (most common), alcoholism, excessive steroids, trauma, radiation, thrombosis etc…

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25
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Changes in the activity of osteoblast and osteoclast to change the shape of bone.
Response to environmental factors e.g. exercise or after fracture

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26
Q

What is a joint?

A

Articulation between two or more bones

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27
Q

What are the main classification of joints?

A

Fibrous, Cartilagenous, Synovial

28
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Very limited mobility
Most Stable
Collagen fibres join bone
E.g. skull, inferior tibofilbular joint, root of tooth and mandible

29
Q

What are cartilaginous joints? How are they further classified?

A

Limited mobility
Cartilage unites bones
Primary–> hyaline cartilage –> completely immobile
- e.g. sternocostal joint
Secondary–> symphyses –> hyaline cartilage with fribrocartilage between –> midline of body
- e..g symphysis pubis

30
Q

What are synovial joints? What are the features?

A

Joint cavity containing synovial fluid –> Lubrication

  • High degree of mobility
  • Articular surfaces –> hyaline cartilage (smooth, low-friction, resists compressive forces
  • Fibrous capsule –> collagen, continuous with periosteum
  • Synovial membrane –> vascularise, synovial fluid, line capsule
31
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A
  • Hinge –> Elbow –> single plane, flexion and extension
  • Plane –> Vertebra –> flat surfaces slide against each other
  • Ball and Socket –> Shoulder, hip –> Stable, multiple directions
  • Condyloid –> Base of skull –> two elliptical bowls, not rotation
  • Pivot –> atlanto-axial joint –> peg with a ring shaped hole –> rotation without gliding
  • Saddle –> Thumb (carpometacarle joint) –> ‘rider in a saddle’ –> motion in two planes at same time
32
Q

What are some specialised structures found in the synovial joint?

A

Bursae –> small sac, synovial fluid, cushion between tendon and bone
Tendon sheaths –> elongated bursae
Synovial fluid –> clear, viscous, slightly alkaline fluid, reduce friction, shock absorber, transport nutrients

33
Q

Why is there a rich blood supply around synovial joints?

A

Articular cartilage and fibrous capsule avascular.

Synovial membrane–> rich blood supply –> nutrients

34
Q

What factors affect the range of motion at a joint?

A
  • Strength and tension of ligament supporting joint
  • Shape of articulating surfaces
  • Arrangement and tone of muscles
  • Neightbouring soft tissue
  • Disuse
  • Effect of hormones
35
Q

How does a joint develop?

A

Bone develops from cartilage model
Joint- interruption in model –> joint interzone
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into hyaline cartilage
Cells in interzone under apoptosis –> joint cavity
Surrounding mesenchymal cells form perichondrium (capsule)

36
Q

How do ligaments in the knee develop?

A

Some cartilage is preserved in the joint interzone

Becomes intra-articular ligaments

37
Q

What are the different classes of levers in the body?

A

First class- Effort applied to the opposite side of fulcrum to the load
Second class- Load being lifted lies between the effort and the fulcrum
Third class- Effort lies between the loads and the fulcrum.

38
Q

What are the two key principles about muscles?

A

They can only pull, NOT push.

Can only act on joints that there tendons cross.

39
Q

What do muscles produce force for?

A

To provide stability

To move bones

40
Q

What are the attachment sites of muscles?

A

Origin- stationary anchor point, usually proximal
Insertion- mobile attachment point, usually distal
Contraction is symmetrical on origin and insertion, stabilisation of origin means the insertion point moves

41
Q

Can you tell which way a muscle will cause something to move?

A

Yes, you can tell by the direction of the muscle fibres. The action of a muscle depends on its starting position.

42
Q

What is the name given to the prime muscle? What is the name given to the muscle that opposes its action?

A

Agonist and antagonist

43
Q

What is the name of a muscle that assists the prime mover?

A

The synergist

44
Q

What do neutralisers and fixators do?

A

Neutralisers prevent unwanted actions of muscles

Fixators stabilise the joint.

45
Q

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

A

Concentric–> muscle fibres shorten
Eccentric–> muscle fibres lengthen
– controlled movement such as lying down from sitting up
Isometric–> muscle fibres stay the same length
– carrying shopping

46
Q

What are the different arrangements of skeletal muscle fibres?

A
  • Parallel
  • -> Strap- fibres parallel, longitudinal
  • -> fusifrom - cyclindrical, wider in middle,
  • -> Triangular - fibres converge at one end
  • Circular - rings of fibres
  • Pennate
  • -> Unipennate- fascicles on same side of tendon
  • -> Bipennate- fascicles on both sides of tendon
  • -> Multipennate - central tendon branches, fascicles orginate from each tendon
47
Q

How are muscles arranged in the body?

A

They are usually arranged in compartments with functionally related muscle.
Normally share same blood supply and innervation.
Surrounded by deep fascia

48
Q

What are the names of the different compartments?

A

Anterior, posterior, lateral and medial

Sometimes even superficial posterior and deep posterior compartments etc…

49
Q

Why is connective tissue called connective tissue?

A

It is all connected to one another!

50
Q

What is fascia?

A

Band or sheet of connective tissue

51
Q

Compare and contrast superficial and deep fascia?

A

Superficial fascia –> subcutaneous fatty layer
–> storage, passageway for lymphatics, BV and nerves and protection
Deep fascia –> Thickened elaboration of the epimysium
–> contains collagen and elastin –> wavy pattern parallel to fibres –> flexible but resists great forces
–> can be named

52
Q

What is a tendon? Function?

A

Dense regular connective tissues, low ratio of collagen to elastin
Connect muscle to bone
Anchored to bone by Sharpey’s fibres

53
Q

Do tendons repair well after injury? Why?

A

No, limited blood supply and low water content limiting diffusion

54
Q

What are ligaments? Function?

A

Dense regular bundles of connective tissue
Connect bone to bone
Stabilise joints, limit range of movement

55
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flatterend tendon

Primarily connect muscles to other muscles, can connect muscle to bone

56
Q

What is Hilton’s Law?

A

Nerve supplying the muscles also supplies the joint capsule and skin overlying insertions of these muscles.

57
Q

What are segments?

A

The repeating pattern of subunits arranged in the longitudinal axis.

58
Q

What controls segmentation?

A

Hox genes, expressed in the cranio-caudal axis.

Order on chromosome reflects expression in the body.

59
Q

What do Hox genes do?

A

They determine the different types of vertebra and limb that will form in each part of the body.

60
Q

What are mutation in Hox genes called? What is a consequence?

A

Homeotic mutation
Alters normal patterning and can result in body parts in unusual location, or extra or reduced numbers of digits, ribs, toes etc…

61
Q

How are the upper and lower limbs homologous?

A 
Shoulder = Hip
Humerus = Femur
Ulnar = Tibia
Radius= Fibular
Carpal bones = Tarsal bones 
Phalanges = phalanges 
Similar pattern of muscles and nerves is also seen.
62
Q

What are the limb buds and when do they first appear?

A

Mesenchyml stem cells covered in ectoderm

Appear 4th week

63
Q

How do limbs develop?

A

Limb bud forms apical ectodermal ridge
Elongation by prolferation of mesenchyme
Forms cartilage model
12th week endochondrial ossification begins
Hyaline cartilage remains –> articular cartilage

64
Q

How do the limb bus rotate?

A

Upper limb 90 degree outwards (laterally)

Lower limb 90 degree inwards (medially)

65
Q

What does rotation of the limbs explain?

A

Why flexion and extension in limb in different directions
Spiral patterns of dermatomes
Sartorious muscle oblique direction

Semester 2 Musculoskeletal System (12 decks)

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