L2 : C.D - Infant perceptions

Question 1

What is Visual Preference Paradigm?

Answer 1

It measures gaze duration, where infants look longer at preferred or novel stimuli.

Question 2

What is Habituation/Dishabituation?

Answer 2

Repeated exposure to a stimulus reduces attention (habituation), while attention increases when stimuli change (dishabituation).

Question 3

What does Violation of Expectancy measure?

Answer 3

Infants look longer at events that violate expectations, suggesting an understanding of physical laws.

Question 4

What is Sucking Rate used for?

Answer 4

High-amplitude sucking rate is used to detect changes in interest or recognition.

Question 5

What does Eye Tracking measure?

Answer 5

It tracks gaze and brain response to stimuli.

Question 6

What is Elicited Imitation?

Answer 6

It tests memory and learning.

Question 7

What are Structured Interviews used for?

Answer 7

They are used with older infants who can respond verbally.

Question 9

What is the Visceal Preference Paradigm?

Answer 9

It is a method developed by Fantz in 1961 that shows infants’ preferences for patterned stimuli over plain or uniform stimuli.

Indicates discrimination ability and visual literacy.

Question 10

What does the Size Consistency study by Slater et al (1990) reveal?

Answer 10

Newborns showed a preference for a novel size despite identical retinal input, suggesting size consistency is present at birth.

This challenges the idea that size consistency must be learned.

Question 11

What is the Depth Perception - Visual Cliff experiment?

Answer 11

Conducted by Gibson and Walk in 1960, it involved an apparatus with shallow and deep sides, showing that infants typically refuse to crawl over the deep side.

Indicates depth perception.

Question 12

What do heart rate studies indicate about depth perception?

Answer 12

At 6 weeks, heart rate slows indicating interest; at 7 months, heart rate increases indicating fear.

Shows that depth perception and emotional responses develop with age and experience.

Question 14

What do newborns prefer in face perception?

Answer 14

Newborns prefer upright face-configurations.

Question 15

At what age can newborns recognize their mother’s face?

Answer 15

Newborns can recognize their mother’s face by 1-2 days old.

Question 16

What does the preference for faces in newborns indicate?

Answer 16

It shows an innate bias towards social stimuli.

Question 17

What is habituation in memory?

Answer 17

Habituation is decreased looking time with repeated stimulus.

Question 18

What is dishabituation?

Answer 18

Dishabituation is renewed interest when a new stimulus is introduced.

Question 19

What does habituation show in terms of memory?

Answer 19

It shows discrimination and recognition memory.

Question 20

What did Slater et al (1983) find about 3-day-olds?

Answer 20

3-day-olds preferred new shapes over familiar ones, indicating memory from birth.

Question 21

How does processing speed relate to intelligence?

Answer 21

Speed of habituation reflects information processing ability.

Question 22

What is the risk for preterm infants regarding habituation?

Answer 22

Preterm infants are at risk for slower habituation.

Question 23

What did Bornstein and Sigman find about habituation at 44 months?

Answer 23

Habituation at 44 months predicts IQ scores at 3 and 11 years.

Question 24

What is the link between early perceptual speeds and cognitive development?

Answer 24

There is strong evidence that early perceptual speeds are linked to cognitive development.

Question 26

What can infants discriminate at 1.5 months?

Answer 26

Infants can discriminate line orientations, such as vertical vs diagonal. ## Footnote Example: Infants can tell the difference between a vertical line and a diagonal line.

Question 27

What can infants discriminate at 3.5 months?

Answer 27

Infants can discriminate global configurations, or overall shapes. ## Footnote Example: Infants can recognize different shapes like circles and squares.

Question 28

How do infants' perceptual abilities develop over time?

Answer 28

Infants develop from perceiving simple details to more complex holistic features.

Question 29

What did Quinn and Eimas (1996) find about perceptual categorization?

Answer 29

3-4 month old infants exposed to pictures of cats showed a distinction in their responses.

Question 30

What is the sucking rate method?

Answer 30

A method used with very young infants (0-4 months) to measure sucking rate in response to stimuli. ## Footnote Example: Infants pause their sucking when surprised or interested.

Question 31

What does a change in sucking rate indicate?

Answer 31

Changes in sucking rate indicate recognition or novelty detection.

Question 32

What is the violation of expectancy method?

Answer 32

Infants are shown possible and impossible events, such as objects passing through a solid barrier. ## Footnote Example: Infants look longer at impossible events.

Question 33

What do infants demonstrate by looking longer at impossible events?

Answer 33

Infants have basic expectations about object permanence and physics by 3.5 months.