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PHYL 141 > L2 & CHP 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

L2 & CHP 2: Chemistry Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Define Homestasis.

A

The bodies tendency to balance and maintains its conditions

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2
Q

What a bodies “Setpoint”?

A

physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

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3
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point

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4
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

intensifies a change in the bodies physiological condition rather than reversing it

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5
Q

What is an element?

A

pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler components

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6
Q

What is a compound?

A

substances composed of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds

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7
Q

What is atomic #?

A

of protons in the nucleus

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8
Q

What is the mass #?

A

sum of the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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9
Q

What is an isotope?

A

a different form of an element, distinguished by different # of neutrons

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10
Q

What is a heavy isotope?

A

an isotope that contains more than the usual # of neutrons

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11
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

isotope whos nucleus readily decays

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12
Q

What is the behavior of electrons?

A

constantly reacting w/ other atoms to form or break down complex substances

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13
Q

What is the valence shell?

A

an atoms outermost electron shell

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14
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

an atom will give, gain, or share electrons w/ another atom so it ends up w/ 8 electrons in valence shell

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15
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

a weak or strong electrical attraction that holds atoms in the same vicinity

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16
Q

What is a molecule?

A

more or less stable grouping of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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17
Q

What is an Ionic bond?

A

between cations and anions

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18
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

strong bonds that share electrons

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19
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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20
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

weak partial + and - attraction

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21
Q

About what percentage are cells made of H2O

A

~70%

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22
Q

About what percentage is the human body made of H2O?

A

~50-60%

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23
Q

What does the prefix “hydro” mean?

A

Water

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24
Q

What does the suffix “-philic” mean?

A

Liking/loving/prefered

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25
What does the suffix "-phobic" mean?
fear; repulsion; avoiding
26
What does hydrophilic mean?
Water loving / dissolvable in water
27
What does hydrophobic mean?
water fearing / does not easily dissolve in water
28
Define Polarity
electrical "charge" in chemicals
29
Chemicals w/ high polarity tend to be ______.
hydrophilic
30
Chemicals w/ little-no polarity tend to be ________.
hydrophobic
31
What is a solvent?
substances used to dissolve other chemicals
32
What is a solute?
What is being dissolved in the solvent
33
What is the primary solvent of the human body?
H2O
34
Define pH
a scale used to measure proton concentration
35
How is pH determined?
Involves logarithims
36
What is the log of pH?
pH= -loh,10 [H+]
37
What is an acid?
Substances that dissolves in H2O and dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions
38
What is a base?
substance that removes hydrogen ions
39
What is a basic (alkaline) solution?
solution w/ pH of 8-14
40
What is a neutral solution?
pH of 7
41
What is an acidic solution?
pH of 0-6
42
What is a reactant?
reactants—the elements involved and the number of atoms of each—
43
What is a product?
one ore more substances produced by a chemical reaction
44
what is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions occurring in your body
45
What are the different types of chemical reactions?
decomposition reaction / catabolism synthesis react / anabolism exchange reaction reversible reaction
46
What does a synthesis reaction / anabolism involve?
results in synthesis/joining or components that were formerly seperated A + B ---> AB
47
What is a decomposition reaction / catabolism?
breaks down or "decomposes" something larger into its smaller parts AB ----> A + B
48
What is an exchange reaction?
both synthesis and decomposition occur A+BC ---> AB + C or AB + CD ---> AC + BD
49
What is a reversible reaction?
a reaction that goes in either direction depending on conditions A + B <----> AB
50
What are anabolic reactions?
building reactions that consume energy
51
What is a catabolic reaction?
break materials down and release energy
52
What are enzymes?
Catalysts
53
What are catalysts? What do catalysts do?
substance that increases the rate of chemical change w/o itself undergoing change - "help" chemical reactions
54
Most enzymes are ______.
proteins
55
What are biological macromules?
carbs lipids (fats) proteins nucleic acids
56
What is a mono saccharide?
mono - 1 ex: glucose, fructose
57
What is a disaccharide?
"di" - two ex: sucrose, maltose, lactose
58
what is a polysaccharide?
poly - many ex: glycogen, starch, cellulose
59
What is a polymer?
substance containing very large molecules called macromules
60
What is a lipid? Are lipids mainly hydrophobid or philic?
compounds made of hydrocarbons Lipids are hydrophobic
61
What is an example of a lipid?
fat, oil, wax
62
What are fatty acids? Are they mostly hydrophobic or philic?
long chains of hydrogen and carbon ending w/ a carbodyl group mostly hydrophobic
63
What is a glyceride?
fat storage molecules made from glycerol reacting w/ fatty acids
64
What is a triglyceride?
lipid found in blood
65
What does amipathic mean?
having both philic and phobic properties

PHYL 141 (10 decks)

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