L2 - Cross Cultural

Question 1

What are the signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Answer 1

Paranoia, Delusions, Lack of Reality

Question 2

Is Schizophrenia specific to certain cultures or universal?

Answer 2

Specific to certain cultures who have defined what schizophrenia is.

Question 3

Why is traditional Psychology not necessarily viable in other cultures?

Answer 3

Psychology from individualistic perspectives may not necessarily be best for people from collectivist cultures.

Question 4

What is the phrase used for how we pass on our culture to others?

Answer 4

Cultural Transmission

Question 5

We have a biological inheritance mechanism, what other inheritance mechanism do we possess that makes humans unique.

Answer 5

Culture

Question 6

Which evolution occurs faster, biological or cultural?

Answer 6

Cultural

Question 7

What type of learning allows human beings learn faster than other animals?

Answer 7

Social Learning

Question 8

How did Perreault (2012) test whether cultural or biological evolution is faster?

Answer 8

Compared the rates of human technologies to rates of change in animal morphologies (anatomical structures)

Question 9

What were the findings of Perreault’s 2012 study?

Answer 9

Cultural evolution is faster than biological evolution

Cultural evolution is faster in recent time periods

Question 10

What is the name of the model for cultural transmission designed by John Berry?

Answer 10

Eco-Cultural Model

Question 11

Berry’s ‘eco-cultural model’ states that cultural and biological adaptation __________

Answer 11

is a parallel process

Question 12

What do the duel influences of biology and cultural adaptation work towards according to Berry’s eco-cultural model?

Answer 12

Work towards evolutionary principles of selection

Question 13

What model is this?

Answer 13

Berry’s Eco-Cultural Model

Question 14

Individual Biology and Individual Culture are impacted by what two variables according to Berry’s eco-cultural model?

Answer 14

Ecological and Sociopolitical Variables

Question 15

What is the ‘main argument’ of the eco-cultural model proposed by Berry?

Answer 15

The way that we pass on our culture (cultural transmission) is through a cycle of the interdependence of culture and biology along with sociopolitical variables.

Question 16

What does Duel Influence mean?

Answer 16

We have biological predispositions to act (instincts) but our expression depends on the presence of circumstantial variables (both naturally present and human-made)

We act to promote or inhibit the culture

Question 17

What are some circumstantial variables that might influence what kind of culture emerges?

Answer 17

Ecological: e.g. weather, climate, predators, disease, pests, food availability.

Socio-political: Changes in government, war, religious conflict

Individual-psychological: actions, values, personality

Question 18

What are the 4 vehicles of transmission to behaviour?

Answer 18

Genetics

Socialization: formal instruction via family, media, peers, church

Enculturation: Less formal form of socialization

Acculturation: cultural transmission by contact with other groups (travel, migration, exposure to mass media

Question 19

What are the limitations to the eco-cultural model?

Answer 19

Does not explain individual differences and why some people are able to adopt cultural norms more willingly than others

Question 20

What is more significant, individual differences or cultural differences?

Answer 20

Individual Differences

Question 21

What is the ecological fallacy?

Answer 21

Assumption that findings demonstrated at cultural level of analysis will be replicated within cultural groups.

Question 22

Why must you be careful of over-generalizing analysis on the cultural level (population level) to what cultural group behaviour will be like?

Answer 22

Findings from human behaviour do not always trickle down from one level of analysis to another.

Question 23

What did Diener (1995) study?

How did he study it?

Answer 23

The notion of subjective wellbeing.

Looking at the relationship between high average income and subjective wellbeing and happiness across nations.

Question 24

What were the results of the Diener 1995 study?

Answer 24

High average incomes had higher levels of subjective wellbeing across nations.

However, within nations and cultural group this was not necessarily the case. In rich nations, wealth is a ‘poorer’ predictor of well being.

Question 25

The results of the Diener 1995 study is an example of what type of fallacy?

Answer 25

**Ecological Fallacy**

Question 26

What did Antinofsky show was crucially important for survival for holocaust survivors?

Answer 26

A sense of **meaning**

Question 27

Is mental health culturally defined?

Answer 27

Yes Was is considered 'abnormal' is a social construct *(homosexuality was deemed a mental illness until recently)*

Question 28

What was Drapetomania? What is it an example of?

Answer 28

Mental illness among slaves and it was defined as 'the uncontrollable urge to escape' Shows that diagnosis and labelling can be a method of social control.

Question 29

Schizophrenic hallucinations are typically ____ in nature.

Answer 29

Auditory

Question 30

Is Schizophrenia culturally generalisable?

Answer 30

Culturally widespread and there is a common core of symptoms. ## Footnote *Not completely generalisable however.*

Question 31

What is the **present state examination**?

Answer 31

Commonly used to determine psychological states. It asks questions such as "who is the current prime-minister" "what day is it" "do you know where you are" etc.

Question 32

What are criticisms of **present state examination**?

Answer 32

It was developed in the UK and so it can't take into account local meanings. There is evidence that clinicians diagnose differently depending on the characteristics of the patient (race, age, sex etc.)

Question 33

What are **culture bound syndromes?**

Answer 33

Signs and symptoms that are restricted within cultures. *e.g. Taijin-kyofu-sho (TKS) which occurs only in Japan. Which is only shown in adolescent Japanese males where they have a fear of losing approval due to perceived shortcomings. Symptoms are blushing, awkwardness, body odour.*

Question 34

Psychotherapy is equally effective among most cultures. True or False?

Answer 34

False Tends to differ by culture and is primarily limited to western, individualistic cultures.

Question 35

What are the cultural limitations of psychotherapy?

Answer 35

Focuses on the individual, who is expected to express themselves verbally. Self-reflection and self-disclosure Other cultures do not value expressions (thought to exacerbate problem) People from collectivist cultures might find emphasis on self as unusual and uncomfortable

Question 36

What are some **interpersonal factors** that might affect the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Answer 36

Codes of interpersonal behaviour and communication between client and therapist (e.g. direct eye contact with certain clients) Cultural perceptions about status and power Therapist with the role of 'fixer'; proactive role Democratic, client-centred expectations.

Question 37

What **material factors** might make Western individualistic psychotherapy unreliable?

Answer 37

Access to services ## Footnote *e.g. client-psychotherapist ratio is 1-8million and so individualistic mental health practices can't work on a big scale.*

Question 38

What are the risks of using metaphors with clients from a different culture?

Answer 38

May not be able to accurately understand the metaphor.

Question 39

What is **cultural adaptation**?

Answer 39

Where we modify our psychology to be culturally relevant.

Question 40

What are some **alternative approaches** to Western psychology?

Answer 40

Community based treatments ## Footnote *(help educate the communities around the individual and speak to the elders, leaders etc. to help make progress)*