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BMS249 Dev Neurobiology > L2 - NS Evolution > Flashcards

L2 - NS Evolution Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the NS of a singled celled organism

A

Receptive and response

Very basic properties

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2
Q

What is an example of a single celled organism whos NS can be studied?

What can it respond to>

A

Euglena

Can respond to photons of light which are transduced by a pigment localised to the eyespot

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3
Q

What can be said about the NS of the Euglena

A

Very basic

Little oppurtunity for more complex behaviour

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4
Q

What occurs with multicellularity

A

Specialisation

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5
Q

What type of behaviours can be seen in multicellular organisms

A

Anticipatory and responsive behaviours

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6
Q

Describe the flow of water through a sponge

A

In through the wall of the body - out throught the osculum

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7
Q

What iregulates flow of water in the sponge

A

Myocytes

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8
Q

Define what is meant by a myocyte in a sponge

A

Specialised muscle cells which are able to repsond to strech

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9
Q

Describe the proposed evolution of the myocyte in the sponge

A

Initially was found spanning the wall of the outer epithelium acting as an independent effector
Later found beneath the wall of the eipithelium recieveing communication from a sensorimotor neurone found in the epithelia which was responding to stimuli

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10
Q

Define what is meant by ‘motor neurones’

A

Recieve input from true sensory cells

Output to effectors and other motor neurones

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11
Q

What have recent studies in hydra found

A

Presence of neurosecretory cells

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12
Q

what is another word for neurosecretory

A

Neuropeptidergic

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13
Q

What types of chemicals are secreted by neuropeptidergic cells

A

Hormones

E.g. insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (controls growth hormone)

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14
Q

What is the important implication of the neurosecretory cells in the Hydra

A

These can regulate myocytes so it can be said there is a two way flow of information

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15
Q

What is also found in Hydra

A

Interneurones

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16
Q

Describe where interneurones are found

A

Lie between sensory and motor neurones/myocytes

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17
Q

What are the two types of interneurones what does this allow for

A

Can be excitatory or inhibitory

This allows for more complex behaviours to be seen

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18
Q

What two properties are seen in flat worms

A

CLustering and organisation

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19
Q

What is gangliation

A

The coming together of many neurones to form a cluster

Ganlia (PNS) nuclei (CNS)

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20
Q

What is cephalisation

A

Emergence of differences between the head and neck

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21
Q

What is bilateral symmetry

A

The symmetry around the anterior - posterior axis

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22
Q

What is fasiculation

A

Large bundles of axons instead of just a singular neurones

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23
Q

What is are commissures

A

The decussation across the midline to synapse with effects of the contralateral side of the body

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24
Q

Where in Amelids is there a large clustering of ganglia

A

Around the pharynx

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25
What does this clustering around the pharynx give
Suprapharyngeal ganglia (primitive brain)
26
Why is the C.elegans such a useful model organism
The entire NS has been mapped out
27
How many neurones C.elegans
302
28
How many glia C.elegans
56
29
What are the three nerve cords found within the C.elegans
Ventral, dorsal and lateral
30
In the C.elegans what do most neuronal cells originate from
AB cells
31
What is the first division on the P0 cell in C.elegans
P1 and AB
32
What is produced in the division of the AB cells in C.elegans
ABa and ABp
33
What is produced in the division of P1 in C.elegans
EMS and P2
34
What is produced in the divsion of P2 in C.elegans
C and P3
35
What is produced by the division of P3 in C.elegans
D and P4
36
What do the P4 cells form
Germ line
37
What do the EMS cells divide into C.elegans
MS E
38
What do the MS E C and D cells in the C.elegans go on to form
Body, muscle, gut and the gonads
39
What do the AB cells form
Hypodermis and neuronal cells
40
What do the neuronal cells in C.elegans share a lineage with
The hypodermis (skin)
41
What is the major nerve cord in drosophila | What can be seen from it
Major ventral nerve cord | Can see lots of gangliation and cephalisation
42
DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 0
Egg
43
DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 1
Hatching of the larva | This then has 3 larval stages
44
DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 5
Pupation forms the pupa
45
DROSOPHILA LIFECYCYLE - Day 9 -
Metamorphis and the adult is produced
46
In a diagram of the early drosphila embryo what happens to the neurogenic region after the involution of the mesoderm
Delaminates and buds off forming neuroblasts
47
What do the neuroblasts then go on to form
The ventral nerve cord
48
What is the neurogenic region found next to
The ectoderm
49
What does the division of a neroblast produced
Another neuroblast | Ganglion mother cell
50
What do ganglion mother cells produce
Neurons and glia
51
Neuroblasts are known as
The dividing projenitors of the nervous system
52
What is common feature of vertebrates
Common body plan
53
What strucuture does the vertebrate NS develop from
Neural plate
54
Describe the neural plate
Single layered neuroepithelium
55
What side of the vertebrate does the neural plate develop
On the dorsal side
56
What is one of the most ancinent parts, evolutionarily of the CNS - what is its function
The hypothalamus is an autonomous integrating centre
57
What is the hypothalmus proximal to
The pharynx
58
What organism was used as an early pregnancy test | Explain how this would
``` Xenopus frog (vertebrate) When the female was exposed to high levels of progesterone (such as the concentrations found in a pregnant womens urine) it caused ovulation ```
59
What is next to the skin in the xenopus
Neurogenic region Whe
60
Which was does the neurogenic region migrate
Downwards
61
At what time point does the first neural differentiation take place in humans? What does this mark?
2 weeks Marks the point at which scientific experimentation is no longer allowed
62
What surface is the NS found on in vertebrates
Dorsal
63
What surface is the NS found on in invertebrates
Ventral surface

BMS249 Dev Neurobiology (16 decks)

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