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Micro - Block 2 > L2 - Staph vs Strep > Flashcards

L2 - Staph vs Strep Flashcards

1
Q

There are three Staphylococcus Species.

What are they?

A

Staph Aureus

Staph Epidermidis

Staph Saprophyticus

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2
Q

Are all 3 staph species gram-positive?

A

yes, gram +

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3
Q

Staph Epidermidis

what kind of pathogen is this?

A

opportunistic

nosocomial infections

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4
Q

Staph Saprophyticus

what kind of pathogen is this?

A

UTIs in women

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5
Q

There are three Streptococcus species, what are they?

A

Staph Pyogenes Staph Pneumoniae Group B streptococci ( S. agalactiae)

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6
Q

Are all the strep species gram +?

A

YES!

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7
Q

Staphylococci occur in what kind of way?

A

Single and in pairs, mostly in clusters!

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8
Q

Staphylococci. Are the Catalase + or Catalase -?

A

Catalase +

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9
Q

Streptococci occur in what kind of way?

A

pairs, short and long chains!

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10
Q

Streptococci. Catalase + or Catalase -?

A

Catalase -

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11
Q

How to differentiate between the 3 Staph species?

A

if they have coagulase activity.

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12
Q

Which Staph specie is + for Coagulase activity?

A

Staph Aureus

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13
Q

Which staph species are Coagulase -?

A

Staph. Epidermidis Staph Saprophyticus

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14
Q

Coagulase?

A

ability to coagulate plasma. Fibrinogen to fibrin ( insoluble)

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15
Q

Virulence Factors in Staph Aureus

A

Hemolysins Leukocidin Protein A Coagulase

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16
Q

Staph Aureus Invasive disease traits:

A

Alpha & leukocidin lyse cells by disrupting cell membrane integertiy- result in the tissue destruction and abcess formation seen with invasive staphlococcal disease. Protein A- binds Fc of IgG molecule ( prevents phagocytosis) Teichoic Acids- binds fibronectin on mucosal surfaces

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17
Q

Staph Toxins

A

Alpha Toxin - Lyses cells by forming pores in epithelium Enterotoxins - food poisoning toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 - causes hypotensive shock, rash, and cytokine elaboration Exofoliative toxin -staphylococcus scalding skin syndrome (SSSS) Panton-Valentine Leukocidin PVL - necrotic lesions involving skin and mucosa

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18
Q

PVL and Staph Aureus

A

-PVL and SA infections are associated with higher incidence of sepsis, high fever, leukopenia, hemoptysis, pleural effusion, and mortality. -Severe soft tissue and bone infection -necrotizing pneumonia -pvl genes are being found in increasing prevalence in community acquired MRSA

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19
Q

MRSA creates ?

A

PVL

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20
Q

Clinical Syndromes of Staph Aureus

A

Skin infections - folliculitis -furuncles (boils) -wounds -impetigo

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21
Q

Clinical syndromes of Staph Aureus

A

-Bacteremia -Endocarditis -Pneumonia -Osteomyelitis -Septic Arthritis

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22
Q

Staph Aureus Virulence Factors

A

Toxin-mediated disease - exfoliatin- toxin that causes sloughing of the outermost layer of the skin (SSSS) -TSST-1* - toxin which causes the hypotension, rash, desqamation and production of cytokines (TSS) Enterotoxins- acid and heat resistant toxins causes food poisoning occurs 1-8 hours after toxin ingestion. *super antigen

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23
Q

Epidemioglogy of Staph Aurus

A

-Can be carried on skin, urogenital tract -resist drying spread by contact or formites ( towels)

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24
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis of Staphylocci

A

direct gram stain and culture culture on BAP ( blood agar plate) or mannitol salt sugar usually strong BETA hemolytic ( staph aureus) non hemolytic ( staph epidermidis) Catalase test + Coagulase + Gram +

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25
Q

Staph infections- treatment

A

Oxacillin, cephalosporin, or vancomycin (MRSA) drainage of lesions plasmid encoded beta-lacatamases common

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26
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes, which lancefield group? Hemolytic ?

A

Beta-Hemolytic. Lancefield group A.

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27
Q

Streptoccus agalactiae, which lancefiels group? Hemolytic?

A

Beta-Hemolytic. Lancefield group B.

28
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae. which hemolytic?

A

Alpha Hemolytic.

29
Q

Enterococcus Species (Formerly Lancefield group ?)

A

Group D. Gamma-Hemolytic.

30
Q

Strep Pneumoniae

A

Pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, meningitis, bactermia.

31
Q

Strep Pyogenes

A

Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, toxic shock, erysipleas, pyoderma, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis.

32
Q

Strep Agalactiae

A

neonatal infections ( meningitis, pneumonial, bactermia, postpartum sepsis.)

33
Q

Viridans group

A

Bacteremia, endocarditis, dental

34
Q

Streptococci general traits

A

pairs, short and long chains Catalase -

35
Q

Streptococci clinical presentation

A

Pyogenic- pus, oral, enteric

36
Q

Strep Pyogenes

A

Pharynigitis, scarlet fever, toxic shock Short chains in clinical samples Longer chains on liquid media Beta Hemolytic

37
Q

As a microbiologist, you have completed a gram stain and see that the bacteria in question is Gram + cocci but you cannot differentiate if they are in chains or clusters. What test could you perform to help you determine if it is staph or strep?

Catalase test

Acid-fast staining

Aerobe testing

Antibiotic resistance testing

A

Catalase test

38
Q

You decide to go on a picnic with some friends and pack sandwiches. The sandwiches have been sitting out for a bit but you make the call that they should be fine. 2 hours later everyone starts to feel sick and vomit. What S. Aureus toxin is at fault?

Alpha toxin

exfoliative toxin

PVL

TSST

enterotoxin

A

enterotoxin

39
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes Virulence Factor

A

Streptokinase

streptolysins

Erythrogenic toxin- associated with rash of scarlet fever, superantigen

Exotoxin A- associated with toxic shock

Exotoxin B- associated with necrotiing fasciitis

Capsule

M Protein

40
Q

M-Protein : Steptococcus pyogenes

A

resist phagocytosis

binds factor H

mimics host antigens

Molecular mimicry

41
Q

Protein F- Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

Binds Fribronectin

42
Q

Protein G : Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

Binds antibodies via Fc region

43
Q

C-polysaccharide : Streptococcus pyogenes

A

antigeneic, cross reactive with host components

44
Q

Peptidoglycan : Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Induces chronic inflammation

45
Q

Pathogenesis of respiratory Infections : streptococcus pyogenes

A

inhibits phagocytosis and complement

46
Q

Diseases group A strep : Streptococcus Pyogenes: Suppurative diseases

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • Scarlet Fever
  • Streptococcal Toxic Shock
  • Cellulitis
  • Fasciitis
47
Q

Disease group A : Non-Suppurative disease : Streptococcus pyogenes

A
  • Rhemutatic fever
  • Glomerulonephritis
48
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes : Clinical Presentation

A
  • Strep Throat
  • fever, malaise, headache
  • pharyngitis develops 2 to 4 days after exposure
49
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes: Scarlet Fever

A

Infecting strains has a lysogenic phage

encoding a exotoxin

exotoxing is spread through circulatory system

diffuse rash over the body and fever

-strawberry tonuge

50
Q

Skin infections caused by S. Pyogenes

A
  • impetigo ( may involve S. Aureus)
  • Cellulitis
  • Necrotizing fasciitis ( flesh EATING)
51
Q
A
52
Q

Non-suppurative diseases : Strep Pyogenes

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

  • edema, hypertension, proteinuria, hematuria ( blood and protein in urine)
  • involves deposition of antigen-antibody complexes (type 3 hypersensitivity)
  • occurs 10 days following infection
53
Q

Non suppurative diseases : Strep Pyogenes

A

Rhematic fever

  • inflammatory response to streptococcal antigens
  • fever,carditis, polyarthitiris
  • patients 5-15, approcimately 3 weeks after pharyngitis
  • can last 2-3 months
  • no diagnostic test
  • chronic progresssive heart damage
  • prophylaxis prevent reoccurence
54
Q

Diagnosis of group A : Steptococcus Pyogenes

A
  • Bacitracin sensitive
  • rapid strep test (antigen detection)
  • serologic tests ( anti-strepolysis o titers)
55
Q

treatment of group A strep pyogenes

A

Treatment : Penicillin

56
Q

Pertinient Features of Group A Strep Pyogenes

A

Indigenous microflora

person to person spread, fomites

Adhesions

  • Lipteichoic acid (LTA)
  • interact with host fibronectin

Spread

  • proteases, hyaluronidase, DNAse and streptokinase
  • Resistance to phagocytosis
  • M protein
  • Hyaluronic acid capsule
  • Tissue Damage
  • Exotoxins
57
Q

Group B Streptococcus :

A

Streptococcus Agalactiae

58
Q

Strep Agalactiae

A

Puerperal Sepsis, Septicemia, Pneumonia, newborn meningitis

Larger than group A, and beta-hemolysis zone is smaller

59
Q

Group B Strep Agalactiae

A

Outermost- capsule

cells wall

  • glucosamine, rhamnose, galactose
60
Q

pathogenesis of group B strep agalactiae

A

requires complement

-enzymes- deozyribonucleases, hyalronidase, nerumoinidase,

location- upper resp.

lower GI

vagina

61
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

A

cells are lancet shaped or in pairs or shoft chains

Alpha- hemolytic

inhabitiant of the thorat and nasopharynx of healthy individuals

gram +

62
Q

Normal Flora is found in all but?

  • Genitourniary
  • Oral Cavity
  • Optic Cavity
  • Nares
A

-optic cavity

63
Q

Fungi are not part of our microbiome?

A

F. They are!

64
Q

To enhance the growth of the good bacteria in your gut microbiome, what would you eat?

  • yogurt
  • fiber
  • probiotic pills
  • popsicles
A

-fiber bc its a prebiotic!

65
Q

The main cause of dysbiosis is?

  • Diet Change
  • Prebiotics
  • Probiotics
  • Antibiotics
A

-Anitibiotics

66
Q

Clostidium Species would classify as :

-good bacteria

or bad bacteria?

efficient or poor harvesters?

A

Bad bacteria- efficient harvesters

67
Q
A

Micro - Block 2 (4 decks)

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